The Many Firms Involved In Globalization Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7256 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Globalization has made many firms to target India because it is one of the emerging market in the world. To enter Indian market is very challenging because of its diverse culture and political system. This dissertation is mainly concentrated on Problems faced by western firms in Indian Economy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Many Firms Involved In Globalization Business Essay" essay for you Create order Since there are many problems faced by western firms in Indian market the author`s research will mainly focus on problems like , Indian infrastructure, Indian culture, corruption, Indian legal system and political risk. India is a country with a population of 1.169 Billion according to May 2009 census .India is located in the southern part of India called South-Asia. It is the country with the largest democracy in the world and the highest diverse and complex culture in the whole world. The main metro cities in India are Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. The capital city of India is New Delhi and the financial centre of India is Mumbai. According to Desai,R(1999) India is the seventh largest country in the world. The climate of India is always changing. India receive rain from south west monsoon in the month of June- September. In India the national language is Hindi and there are also other 18 official languages. English is spoken mostly in commerce, ad ministration and higher education (Desai,R.1999). The main religion in India is Hinduism followed by Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism and the main Ethnic group of India are Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian25%, Mangoloid 2% and others. The Fiscal year of India starts from April 1st to March 31st. There are 28 States and 7 Union Territories in India and it is the second largest population in the world. Indian Government provides free and compulsory education till the age of 14. The main industry is Agriculture which contribute to two-third of the population and most of people are living in rural areas than urban areas in India. According to (Desai,R.1999) the India is following parliamentary form of govt based on UK Model. The three wings of Indian government are the executive, legislative and the Judiciary. The Executive consist of the President, the vice president and the council of ministers which is controlled by Prime Ministers and the legislature consist of lok Sab ha and Rajya Sabha (Desai,R.1999). The Judiciary of the country is Supreme court. The main political parties in India are Bahujan Samaj Party, Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, Communist Party of india (Marxist), Janata Dal and Samata Party (Desai,R.1999). According to 2007-2008 estimate Indias growth in GDP is 6.7% and it is expected to rise 8-10% in the near future and Per capita income is $4139 according to 2007-2008 estimates. In India agriculture contribute to 17.1% of GDP and industry contribute to 19% of GDP .The major trade partners of India are Russia, USA, Japan, Iraq and European union. Since. india is a very big market, so there are number of problems faced by western firms in indian market. when foreign companies coming to india to do business the problem faced by their home country will be different from the host country. There are number of factors like business etiquette, corruption, infrastructure, culture, government policies and intellectual pro perty rights etc. Background According to 2007-2008 estimate the GDP growth of 6.7% makes India, the fastest growing economies in the world and the second fastest in Asia. Indian economy has the second largest car industry in the world and in terms of Purchasing power it is the fourth largest economy in the world. After NYSE, the largest number of companies listed is Bombay Stock Exchange and that is 6,600 companies. It is one of the country in the world that has its own satellites. According to Tholons Research the main client classification in India are Government, Public, Private and Multi National Companies in India. Due to higher growth in GDP, industries like Insurance, Banking and Telecom are in a good growth but in order to remain competitive globally the clients should have proper skills, reduce time to market and also need to achieve the levels of process of standardisation. According to Central Statistics Organisation (CSO) the GDP for 2009-2010 estimates is considered to grow at 7.2% with the se rvice and industrial sector growing at 8.2% and 8.7%. In India consumer markets are divided into urban and rural markets. According to study by (RMAI) Rural Marketing Association of India the rural market is not affected by the global recession so studies shows that there has been increase in rural market by 15% . But Urban area is affected by global recession by 25% according to paper of CII-Technopak. Since Rural market is not affected by global recession many companies like Godrej and Hindustan Unilever are targeting rural markets to increase sales and also increase their marketing efforts to take the advantage of potential rural consumers. It is also targeted by MNC drug companies in order to sell their products in rural markets. Consumer Behaviour is always changing and challenging as people in different states have different tastes and preferences. In India most of the people in urban areas are using luxury goods. The Major Development in Indian consumerism is the rise o f rural market for different basic goods. The Middle class is given high boost to consumer culture and it is expected to grow in future. Due to increase in number of middle class most of the people are shifting from agriculture to service sector. Another Factor that lead to change in consumer behaviour is the credit culture. Now a days Indians are not worried about paying in card as in the past it was most negligible. The rise in credit culture is due to rise in purchasing power of customer. Today Indians are aware of product, price and quality whenever they purchase any products. In the past price plays an important part in purchasing but now Indian consumers consider value for money than price. The reason for increase in purchase power is the rise of number of middle class Indian consumers in Indian market. Factors Affecting consumer behaviour are geographic locations, occupation, purchasing place and environment of the consumer. Cultural factors affecting consumer Behaviour ar e product (colour, design, shape), social practices and decision making by male person in the family etc. In india to do business the etiquette of indian business should be followed and it is very important for doing business and there are number of business etiquette to be understood while doing business in india. In India due to diverse culture the factors like caste, regionalism, religion and language should be considered when doing business in India. In india we should understand the importance of culture when doing business because it is given more importance than business matters in india. The infrastructure should be considered when doing business and the main problem with indian infrastructure it will take long time to make decision in india and also it is time consuming in india , so it will a problem for foreign investors. The problem of corruption is another obstacle faced by western firms in indian market . since corruption is affected in all levels of business firm i n india means we have to give bribe to each and every person of the government staff to get sanction for starting any business in india. The government policies are very long process so it will take months to get a bill passed from government and there are so many problems that needs to understand by western firms operating in india. The detailed explanation of all business difficulty faced by western firms in indian market are explained in the remaining pages of literature review. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this dissertation is to study about Indian market environment and the problems faced by western firms during their operations in the Indian market. Objective of the Study 1: How the Indian government policies cause a problem to the western firms operating in indian market. 2: How western firm should deal with Different cultures of Indian states when doing business in the Indian market . 3: Obstacles faced by western firms in indian Infrastructure. Chapter II Literature Review Literature Review The literature review is the most important part of this project. In order to understand problems faced by western firms in Indian market it is essential to analyse and know about India in a basic manner. India In General -Introduction According to Kumar, R and Sethi, A. (2005) India has the biggest number of post offices, the largest railway network in the world, the second highest number of technically trained manpower and the highest number of students completing from universities every year. The famous diplomat and author Pavan Varma.(2004) describes India as a difficult country to define and characterize ,especially today when they are transition, emerging from shadows of history into the glare of a globalizing world. The task is dealt with obstacles and India is too large and too diverse to allow for convenient cover all labels. In India according to Hindu belief the significant events, functions, meetings and shoppings should be avoided during specific time of each day called Rahukala. Rahukala is connected with the mythical planet Rahu (the seizer) and it is believed that it occurs due to the course of eclipses. In India people who are born in rahukala are not expected to rest in peace, will earn only less money and will not engage much in social well being. According to a leaders global market research firm synovate is said the cricket is the most favourite game to watch on Television that is 93% and also the most watched live video on television that is 74% ,So most western firms who wish to do business in India are using cricket and bollywood actors to promote their products in Indian market. It is said that Indians are most passionate about three things like food, films and cricket(kumar,,R and Sethi,A.R.2005) Causes of Difficulty In Doing Business In India For Western Firms Business Etiquette Business etiquette are the rules governing business in different countries and it is different in different countries. For example rules governing in UK is different from India. It refers to standards and values that is suitable to the people and which is socially acceptable. Rules of Business Etiquette in India The importance of business etiquette include trust, reliability and courtesy which increases the goodwill of firm, increases opportunities in business and helps in developing new business relationship. In india business etiquette depend on culture as different states have different culture so that what is good in one society will be bad for another society. So inorder to have a good business relationship the understanding of culture is very essential and for this the business etiquette will be different by company rules, regulations, region and business speciality. So understanding of business etiquette is very important while doing business in india. There are number of business etiquette when doing business in India. In business meeting always address the Indian businessmen with titles like Professor, Mr, Mrs or Doctor and if no title is given address them using Sir or Madam. In India when doing business do not offer to have alcohol or smoke as most of the Indians are vegetari ans. Indian meeting usually starts with a handshake. Indian mostly use Namaste and by using Namaste in business meeting is a symbol of understanding Indian business etiquette. Business cards should be placed at first meeting when conducting business in India .It should be received and given with right hand and make sure it is given properly otherwise it is shown as disrespect in Indian meetings. It is better that one side of card should be translated in Hindi to show respect to Indian culture in business meetings. When doing business in India, the meetings should be arranged well in advance. The meeting should be well written and should be conformed by phone. Avoid meeting during the month from October to March as it is too hot climate and also during public holidays like Gandhi Jayanti, Deepavali, Idul-ul-fitr Independence Day, republic day etc. (https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/etiquette/doing-business-india.html) When doing business in India Hierarchy plays an important role i n Indian business etiquette whereas in western firms hierarchy is given only less importance. For example in companies the manual work will be done by peon and no one in the office will do manual work to move a desk to other place as this shows that hierarchy plays a significant role in Indian business. In India when doing business Indians always like to keep long term relationship with business partners and Indians conduct business with only those who know them well and trust. So In order to gain trust of Indian business partners western firms needs to build a good relationship with good Indian business partners who know the Indian business conditions and market well in order to succeed in Indian market. (https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/etiquette/doing-business-india.html) When operating business in India, do not shake hands with female staff out of respect and in western firms it is just opposite. When entering business room in India we should greet the senior most person firs t and all important decision are taken by senior most person in India. Punctuality is considered even though 10 minutes late will not matter in India when conducting business meetings. Since Family matters take importance over business last minute cancellation is possible when conducting business meetings. (https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/etiquette/doing-business-india.html) When doing negotiation it usually take long time and also it is very slow and should not be angry and be patient to control it. Dont be aggressive and arrogant when making business negotiation in India. Indian business take decision not only based on PowerPoint presentation, statistical data but also based on emotions, feelings and faith and should avoid high pressure tactics. If Indian business men say I will try or we ll see means they are not interested in business terms. When Indian business successful end negotiation they will end with the offer of dinner and dont neglect it as this may show disrespec t to Indian business culture.( (https://www.kwintessential.co.uk/etiquette/doing-business-india.html) Corruption In India According to Lasserre,2003 corruption can be defined as `the abuse of public office for private gains. It damages the public properties like infrastructure on which the business growth functions causing inaccurate and expensive services(Doh, et al, 2003).Mrs Indira Gandhi told that Corruption is not Unique to India ,it is a global phenomena in an attempt to reduce corruption in politics during her Government rule. According to Pavan Varma Corruption has grown endemically because it is not considered wrong, so long as it yields the desired result. In order to run business smoothly in India many industrialists and businessmen are giving money to politicians to run business effectively. India was most corrupted during licence-permit regime period and it is substantially reduce during the liberalization of Indian economy in 1991whereas in western firms the co rruption is very less. The main reason for corruption is the politicians and business man and lack of fund by government are the factors for the corruption in india. According to UNDP 1998 corruption have most destructive effects in developing countries as it is main obstacles in economic growth and democracy. The studies shows that in spite of recent measures to reduce corruption and improve service delivery there has been wide difference between perception and actual experience about corruption in public services and states like Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh have high level of corruption while Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Delhi and Punjab have a medium level of corruption in case of using public service by BPL households( TII-CMS India Corruption Study 2007). The Table below the rank of 11 public services in BPL House hold in india. Table 1: Services Ranked In India Services Rank Police 1 Land Record/Registration 2 Housing 3 Water Supply 4 NREGS* 5 Forest 6 Electricity 7 Hospital 8 PDS* 9 Banking 10 School Education ( up to 12thclass) 11 PDS* Public Distribution System. NREGS* National Rural employment Guarantee Scheme. Source-TII-CMS India Corruption Study 2007. (https://cmsindia.org/highlights.pdf) From the above the table we see that school education is least corrupted and most corrupted is police . From this we can see that basic services are less corrupted than need based services. For starting a business in India need based are very important in India ,since need based are more corrupted it will be difficult for foreign investors to start a business in India. According to Doh et al some scholars said that corruption in india is both pervasive and arbitrary. The studies shows that one third of Below Poverty Line (BPL) household are giving bribes to avail of more than 11 public services in India (TII-CMS Study India Corruption Study 2007). According to The Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention(1999) proposed to harmonize the national law on corruption and also have the right to criminalize both national and domestic bribery and also various forms of corruption. The table below shows the estimates of bribes of 11 public services in BPL Household Table 2 .Estimate of Bribe Services Total Bribe paid in the year (Rs. in millions) Basic Services: PDS* 450 Hospital 870 School Education (up to 12thclass) 120 Electricity 1,050 Water Supply 240 Need based NREGS* 70 Land Record/Registration 1240 Forest 240 Housing 1570 Banking 830 Police 2,150 Total for 11 Pubic Service covered in the survey 8,830 PDS* Public Distribution System. NREGS* National Rural employment Guarantee Scheme. Source- TII-CMS India Corruption Study 2007. (https://cmsindia.org/highlights.pdf) From the above table the we can see that the most important factors for building up a business are police, electricity, land record/registration and Housing which are most corrupted in this table so from this table we can see that it is corruption that will be a major problem for western firms for setting up business in India. Indian Infrastructure Infrastructure assets are the network and physical structure that is used to provide significant services to a society. It is considered as a tangible assets to set up a business , can be regarded as the backbone of the economy. It is broadly accepted that indias infrastructure is filled with weak transport networks, airports, ports that do not meet up with current demand. In this competitive global market it is important to understand that good infrastructure can increase competitiveness both internationally and nationally and also for achieving stable development objectives. In order to achieve good economic growth in the long run it is essential to have a good social infrastructure and education system. Without proper power and latest transport facilities it will not possible to develop economic growth in the long term. According to TII-CMS Study 2005 there is outdated infrastructure in India that means service have improved but infrastructure does not cope up with service growth. For example According to this survey water delivery is most outdated in most Indian states and most of the pipes are always damaged. The infrastructure such as road, telecommunication and electric power ,sanitation are the infrastructural problems faced by western firms when operating in Indian market. Indias commerce and industry minister said that without proper infrastructure we cant continue to grow further that we had now. For example Daniel Vasella the chief exective of pharmaceutical giant Novartis (NVS) said that if you want to build a road in china a small number of people is needed to make a decision but if you want to build a road in india it will take 10 years of discussion before the decision (https://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_12/b4026001.htm ) Reasons for Poor infrastructure In India the reason for poor infrastructure is that modern concepts like just in time production will not work because of lack of modern infrastructure facilities like road, rail, water and supply and due to the problems like crossing the border between different states of India which result the western firms to fear in investing in Indian market(Heymann et al (2007). The slow growth in infrastructure gap is the main reason for the slow economic structure in India. In India both urban and rural infrastructure are worse than expected due to lack of infrastructure facilities . According to UN estimates three of ten largest cities are situated in India and all ten cities in the world are expected to grow by 20% by 2015. According to world bank 2007 no city in India has water 24 hours a day , seven day a week and the metro cities like Bangalore , madras and Hyderabad the quality of water is getting worse. India infrastructure rank on 67th position in the global competitiveness repor t 2007 in comparison with china 52th , Russia 65th and brazil 75th position. (https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs//econwp096.pdf) There are many obstacles for Indian infrastructure and some of them are politics, lack of fund, regulatory framework and so on. In politics the barrier means the political stability of the government that is government interference and breaches of contractual obligations neglect the foreign investors to invest in Indian infrastructure. Lack of fund means the politicians are not using public service and they are using for personal purpose which result the government in shortage of funds to invest in infrastructure facilities. The 12th finance commission recommended that India need an additional grant of INR 150 bn for the four year production from 2006/07 to 2009/2010 in order to build good roads and bridges(Global Insight 2007). In order to increase investment in infrastructure India need a co-operation of public -private partnershi p in order to improve the infrastructure facilities in India. The foreign investors are not willing to invest in Indian infrastructure due to regulatory framework in India. (https://www.scribd.com/doc/927005/450-Bn-Reason-to-Invest-in-Indias-Infrastructure) India have developed many infrastructure plans to improve infrastructure facilities like National Highway Development Programme(NHDP) and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) but does not have an overall infrastructural plan which resulted in delays and so many problems. According to Government of india ( 2006) suggest that India will concentrate on three factors in order to improve infrastructure facilities in India. First one is to improve the broadband service via internet. Second one is to modernise telecom equipment production and third one is to develop network to expand telecommunication service in rural India. In order to increase investment in infrastructure the western investors should be motivated.( https://w ww.scribd.com/doc/927005/450-Bn-Reason-to-Invest-in-Indias-Infrastructure) In concluding remark it is now India understood the importance of foreign investment and the significance of infrastructural facilities in order to increase the FDI flow in India. While investing in India there are three significant risks that needs to be considered when doing business in India. First one is that the issues like rules of the government and distribution should be analysed when making provision of infrastructure . The second reason is that India is a homogeneous country rather than single sub continent. For example that states like Gujarat, Delhi and Maharashtra will a good place for the infrastructure growth in India. Third one is that in India different infrastructure classes have different characteristics so each class have different risk so it should be analysed properly. In order to have a good infrastructure Government needs to shake off it rule of bureaucracy , political system and sh ould decrease corruption. (https://www.dbresearch.de/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_DE-PROD/PROD0000000000218232.pdf) The Culture factors when doing business in India. The scholar and business author describes culture as the The collective programming of mind and explains that it lies between human nature on one side and individual personality on the other (Hofstede 1991). According to Harris P. R and Moran R.T (1987) defines culture as A distinctly human capacity for adapting to circumstances and transmitting this coping skill and knowledge to subsequent generations. Culture is a shared value and is derived from social environment and not from family genetic . Culture is a group development and culture is different in different countries. According to Trompenaars (1993) culture is a collective way in which a group of people interpret and understand the world. The indian culture is totally different from western culture and the importance of culture is very essential when doing business in india as india is have large number of diverse culture in different states , so it is must for western firms to analyse each state culture to do business in india. According to Zaidman (2001) he said that in order to succeed in India, is to understand the tradition and way of communicating with others which form the basis of Indian society. It is said that religion is the way of life and should be respected to maintain a good business relationship in India ( Gorill 2007). According to Hoecklin,L (1995) warns that cultural differences if not properly handled can lead to costly misunderstanding, business failure and management frustration. According to J.B.P.sinha et al (2002) Indians maintain collectivistic behaviour when they are talking to family members and they behave individualistic manner when are dealing with non family members. Indians use both individualistic and collectivistic according to different situations. Indians use individualistic behaviour to gain collectivistic aim and use collectivistic behaviour to gain individualistic aim.(Kumar and Sethi,2005) So it will be difficult for western manager to cope up with In dian manager behaviour in business. An example of KFC about how culture become a problem when doing business in india. The failure of KFC to cope up with Indian culture. Even though it opened its main stores in metropolitan cities like Delhi and Banglore it faced many obstacles from many competitors and also from small business. The main reason for that they did not direct control with local partners for help and support rather than direct control. Then they advertise using western ideas which is not used by Indian as Indians are mostly dont accept foreign culture . So in order to succeed in Indian we should analyse the Indian market condition first and also understand the political climate of India market to remain competitive in India.(Marita Von Oldenborgh ,1996). In Indian Culture hierarchy plays an important role and also considered as the major part of the Indian civilization. According to J.B.P.Sinha ( 2005) hierarchical orders denote that whole cosmos and everything w ithin it animate as well as inanimate- are arranged in a hierarchical order of being superior to same and inferior to others. Due to Hierarchical order decision are made by top manager and decision process is very slow . Communication style of Indians are indirect as most Indians are unwilling to say `no`.(Kumar,R.,2007). A Danish manager commented that Indians will tell one thing ,think other and do third thing, ,which is not what Dane would do and this comments shows that Indians will behave differently in different situation(M.L.Hughes,2002). Indians behave in a context sensitive manner and there are three aspects for this like desh (place), kal(time ) and patra (person) (Sinha and kanungo,1997). Due to context behaviour there are number implications for this like it will result in unpredictability and it will loose the trust of the partners, it will create hindrance in communication and it will make a good idea less important( Kumar and Sethi 2005). Since Indians follow h ierarchical order they always depend on superiors for help which is considered a negative for western managers. So Indians believe in nurturant leadership that means Indian employees are more personal than organizational. A good example of this leadership is the case of Tata steel. Russi Mody The former managing director and chairman of the company give the following advice Given the choice between result oriented, rules oriented or people oriented, choose the last one and rest will fall in line automatically( Sinha and Mohanty, 2004).The dependent relationship should be studied by the western managers when doing business in India. .Indians are relatively good in building strategy but they are weak in implementing strategy( Kumar and Sethi 2005). It is essential for the western managers to understand both behaviour and thinking pattern to become successful in doing business in Indian market. Table showing Difference Between Eastern and Western Culture Many scholars argue that there is difference between eastern culture and western .The basic difference between two cultures on societal basis are shown in the below table. TABLE 3: Cultural Solution to Universal Problems SOCIETAL ELEMENTS EASTERN ORIENTATION WESTERN ORIENTATION Human Nature Inherently good and evil Inherently good and evil Activity Being: passive-harmony Doing: aggressive-conflict Nature of Time Polychronic: diffused-phases Monochronic: linear-segmented Time Orientation Traditionalist: past-present Modernist: present-future Law Rule by man: deference to paternalism and reliance on trust Rule by law: deference to rationality and reliance on legal contracts Truth Indirect-Oblique: sometimes best to tell Direct-Honest: always best to tell Human Relationships Collectivistic: meet group needs and group obligations Individualistic: meet individual needs and rights of individual Sources: Adler (1997); Smith(1995); Chen (1995); Xing(1995); Trompenaars(1993); Evans, Hau Sculli(1989); Kelley,Whatley, Worthley Lie(1986). (https://wwwdocs.fce.unsw.edu.au/orgmanagement/WorkingPapers/wp130.pdf) The table above clearly shows difference between western and eastern orientation on societable basis and this table helps to understand the eastern and western culture clearly. But In order to understand more detail about western and indian cultures hofstede theory should be applied. For that two different cultures should be taken. To do this United states is taken as western culture with help of hofstede theory to understand the difference between United states and indian culture. According to Hofstede G.H .(1980) culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another. India have high power distance, low to medium uncertainty avoidance, low individualistic and medium masculinity and united states have low to medium power distance, low to medium uncertainty avoidance, high individualism and high masculinity. The Figure 1 shows the comparison of two cultures like united states and India to show the difference between w estern and Indian culture. The Figure 2 shows the worlds average for hofstede five dimensions of culture and the average score of all countries rated according to hofstede theory. (https://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php?culture1=95culture2=42) (https://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_india.shtml) Main Source: www.geert-hofstede.com Power Distance: United states have low power distance of 40 compared to world average 55. Low power distance is a good sign of equality between societal levels including organizations, government and families. Lower Power distance will result in less centralization and managers are more practical and systemic when doing business.(Hofstede.G.1984). In India the power distance is very high that is 77 compared to world average 56.5 that means there is high inequality of power distance . High power distance cause corruption in the society and also result in downfall of government. In business it will result in higher centralization and managers are not practical and systematic .(Hofstede.G.1984). According to Hofstede cultural dimension United states and Indian culture have very big difference in power distance it might a problem for western firms to do business in India . So western managers will face difficulties in managing organisation and Indian business people. Individualism v/s collectivism: United states have the highest individualist dimension of 91 that is above the average of 43. Due to this united states is more self reliant and individualist attitude. High individualistic managers are creative and always try to be innovate new ideas and importance is given to individual goals and achievement.(Hofstede.G,1984). In India the individualistic rank is 48 with the world average of 40. It means the most of the Indian people are collectivistic. Due to this managers are not creative and innovate in making ideas and they rely on group decision and importance is given to organisational goals. Since the greater distance between India and united states culture exists it will be difficult to manage human resource management in India for western firms operating in India. Masculinity V/s Femininity According to Hofstede masculine culture are more rigid in manner than feminine culture. The united states have masculinity rate of 62 which is above world average of 50 that means there is great difference between gender roles. It means male controls an important part of the society. India have masculinity rate of 56 with world average of 51. It means it is almost same as United states. Since both countries have high masculinity than world average it shows that there is no much gap between male and female role in both countries. Uncertainty Avoidance In this United states have uncertainty avoidance of 46 compared to world average of 64 that means USA have low Uncertainty avoidance with world average. According to Adler 1986 high job mobility are common in low uncertainty avoidance like USA. As India have uncertainty Avoidance of 40 compared to world average of 65. Due to this it is more open to unethical ideas and situations. Even though there is only little gap between two countries it might be problem for western firms. Long term orientation v/s Short term orientation The United States have the lowest Long Term Orientation dimension that is 29 with world average of 55. The low Long Term Orientation dimension will result in meeting its obligations and shows appreciation for culture traditions. India have a Long term Orientation dimension of 61 compared with world average that is 48. It means Indians believe in long term goals than short term goals. So this might be problem for western firms operating in India. The difference between the united states and Indian culture shows the difference between two cultures and also shows what are cultural problems faced by western firms when doing business in India. To conclude there are large number of cultural values to be considered when doing business in India. In order to achieve business objective in India western firms need to consider the factors like to have a good relations with Indian colleagues, should be able to communicate in a good manner and should reach the right person to complete t he task effectively and should co-operate with Indian managers to plan and execute the strategy effectively in India (A.E.Fantini). The factors like leadership styles, decision making process and attitude towards words needs to be considered and also there are cultural norms for joint venture relationship, relationship with government authority and outsourcing partners. So western firms need to understand all these cultural challenges when doing business in India otherwise it will be difficult to western firms to do business in India.(Kumar, R.2007). Effects of Changing government Policies on Foreign businesses India is a country with a high degree of nationalism and unstable democracy which causes many problems for western firms in Indian market. The problems are nationalism, bureaucratic in fighting and corruption.(Kumar, R and Sethi,A.R, 1995). When operating business in india the rules governing indian government should be followed ,which is completely different from international law. One of the best example of nationalism is the case of Pepsi and coke. The non-government organisation claim that pesticide exceed the limit proposed by EU norms. Then the Indian government banned the product but when actual test is taken by central government due to pressure from Pepsi and coke company it shows that the pesticide didnt exceed the level proposed by EU norms. This case shows that how easily nationalism affected in India so it should be analysed properly.(Kumar,R 2007). According to N. Assaine et al(2003), said that in terms of bureaucracy Canadian businesses told that the length of the time, paper work and uncertainty in business transaction were difficult and once signing the contract there is no guarantee for market access. Change in state Government also lead to cancellation of projects and it took years to know the status of the project .So according to Canadian businesses they considered the government rules as one of the greatest barrier in doing business in India. Another major hurdles for western firm to invest in India is corruption. Due to corruption it increase the cost of doing business in India and also have a negative impact on FDI (J.E . Campos, 1998). Indian legal System There are number of business laws and legislation to be followed when doing business in India. Indian legal system follow English common law that accepts international court of justice jurisdiction with reservations and with limited judicial review of legislative act(world fact bank 2003). The Indian constitution was formed in 1950. The constitution of India assures equal rights to all parties and prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender, caste, religion ,race and allows worldwide franchise which makes the India the largest electorate in the world. (https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001context=lps_lsapr) The main parts of Indian constitution law are constitution, statutes (legislation) , customary law and case law. Supreme court is the highest body in the whole judicial system. Each state have high courts and there are many subordinate courts under this .The judges of the supreme court are appointed by president of India. Since the govt p olicies are delayed due to backlogs and postponement of meetings and also due to the lengthy process of Indian legal system most of the companies are solving business disputes through arbitration process. In order to have world wide practice for arbitrary process Indian government have modified and had entered into arbitration service agreement with international organisation like USA and Europe. (Desai,R . 1995). The features of Indian independent judiciary are the power to punish for the contempt, the modus operandi adopted in appointments and the fixed tenure of the judges. It is said that independent judiciary is the backbone of Indian economy and it is independent and example of Indian economy are imitated by the world. (www.aislsnet.org/meetings/ enriching/singh.pdf) Table Showing the barrier Of Government policies In India For western firms Table 4: Indicators of barriers to entrepreneurship in selected regions: Indicator: Administrative burden on: India Latin America OECD* Emerging markets Euro area USA Start up in general: 3.82 2.14 2.61 1.89 1.02 For corporation 4.25 1.85 2.82 2.06 2.06 For sole proprietor firms 4.75 3.17 2.73 2.10 2.10 Source: OECD 2007 OECD*- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs//econwp096.pdf) According to this table we can see that India have high administrative burden than Latin America, OECD emerging markets, Euro area and USA. This table shows that India have a high burden on administration to start up a business and a corporation and sole proprietor firms for western firms when doing business in India. According OECD study India is twice restrictive as OECD emerging markets average due to high economic regulation and administrative burden. Due to bureaucratic regulation in India the German based industrialist says that it took six months to set up a liaison office in India. Almost all foreign companies complaint of procedural delays, higher taxes and less suitable labour law. Due to strict Indian labour law India rank at 96th position in case of Government rules according to Global Competitiveness report 2007-2008. Intellectual Property Rights: It refers to creation of mind that is invention, industrial design for articles, literacy and artistic work, incom es and symbols used in business. (https://www.uhy.com/media/PDFs/doing_business_guides/Doing%20Business%20in%20India.pdf) India has well established intellectual property rights in accordance with TRIPS agreement of the WTO. Indias intellectual property is established in statutory, administrative and judicial levels. Police officers can take action against infringement of Intellectual property rights. The intellectual property includes patent rights, copyrights, trademarks and design act. (https://www.indianembassy.org/intellectual-property-rights.php) Even though it has a good intellectual property rights but according to foreign investors intellectual property rights is weak . An example of this is the case of Novartis shows that the patent right in international pharmaceutical and chemical firms is weak. The Indian controller of patents and designs rejected the Novartis patent Glivec for three reasons like the product is a substitute of a known substance, priority and expectation of earlier use (Sukumar, 2006). But Novartis argued it is accepted in the countries like Russia, china and Taiwan and he told India have violated the of article 14 of Indian constitution.( https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs//econwp096.pdf ) The weak intellectual property in india destroys the livelihood of modern artists and welfare of consumers and workers. India have weak copyright and enforcement system and due to the piracy of copyrighted works like movies, books, softwares are easily widespread. In India since intellectual property are weak it will not encourage prosperity and creativity. In order to prevent the companies like BSA -business software alliance and NASSC- national association of software and service company are teaching customers about bad effects of piracy in India and also development in enforcement is need to prevent pirated goods. Since Intellectual property rights is weak it will difficult for western firms to do business in India. (https://asianforum.jp/topics/2006/pdf/Hudson_III.pdf). International business risks International risks are the risks that a foreign firm face difficulty in doing business in host country than home country and it is completely different from home country. There are number of factors needs to analysed when doing business in host country . Some of the factors when doing business are explained in the following paragraphs. The strategic risk is one factor that affect the ability of firm to make a strategic decision and also have strong consequences on the competitiveness of the firm so this should be analysed when doing business internationally. The political risk like political instability and nationalism factors should be taken when doing business internationally as different countries have different political system. For example the case of Pepsi in india like they were forced to withraw from india due to nationalism like indian government want to protect their own soft drink company.(Lee.K and Carter,S, 2005) The country risk like culture , government pol icies ,economic policies and political conditions should be analysed when doing business internationally as this will affect the business adversely. The legal environment is different in different countries and actually there are three types of law like common law , civil law and Islamic law and this law are developed based ion countrys culture, traditions and religion. The countries often restrict foreign companies to enter new country by imposing tax, trade barriers inorder to protect their own products and companies. (Deresky,H, 2008). The technological factors like outdated technology, lack of security in e- commerce and cost of creating new technology are the problems when doing business in international area and also environment risk like air, water and air pollution which the reputation of the company and economic risks change in exchange rates, foreign investment and monetary policies should be analysed when doing business internationally. In order to avoid risk in int ernational business the firms who are willing to do business in foreign country should conduct risk assessment of each country and need to analyse the risks like corruption, intellectual property rights, ownership barriers etc before entering into a new country.( https://ezinearticles.com/?Risks-in-International-Businessid=1331702). Conclusion India is very huge market with a lot of opportunities in it for the foreign companies. Most of the foreign companies are targeting Indian Market because they have understood the potential in it. Entering a market would be easy but sustaining in the market is the toughest part. There a quiet a lot of companies entering Indian market some are successful some are not one of the main reason is because they do not understand the market well. Some of the main factors these companies should consider while entering market are factors like culture, corruption, government policy, infrastructure and intellectual property rights. Once these foreign companies accept the way India is and should be ready to do business by understanding the problems and the way India is they this business can make the most out of it. Foreign companies should understand Indian culture and the behaviour of the Indian consumers to be success full in India.

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Compare and Contrast the Presentation of Childhood...

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Effect of Pollution on Historical Monument Essay Example For Students

Effect of Pollution on Historical Monument Essay Pollution effects are not confined to the environment. The potential for damage to historical monuments has already been realized. Some damage, such as from wind or rain, is unavoidable. However, pollution contributes additional risk factors that can increase the level of destruction. The effects may be minor, such as a blackening of the surface of monuments due to dust. Other impacts can have permanent consequences. Significance 1. Pollution negatively impacts historical monuments and buildings around the world, from the Acropolis in Greece to the Americas own Lincoln Memorial. The threat is in the risk of losing these irreplaceable structures forever. Many of these monuments have cultural and aesthetic value that is beyond price. Acid Rain 2. One of the more destructive forms of pollution is acid rain. Acid rain occurs when fossil fuel emissions containing sulfur dioxide combine with moisture in the air to form acidic precipitation. When acid rain falls on historical monuments of limestone or marble, a chemical reaction takes place which has a corrosive effect on these structures. The reaction dissolves the material, leading to permanent damage. Global Warming 3. According to the National Climatic Data Center, global temperatures have risen during the past century at a rate of 0. 11 degrees Fahrenheit per decade. The concern with historical monuments lies in the temperature impacts on the chemistry. Heat acts as a catalyst, speeding the rate of chemical reactions. The fate of historical monuments becomes more uncertain, and the urgency to take action increases. Global warming occurs when greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide trap radiant heat at the earths surface, which causes temperatures to rise. Contributing Factors 4. Other factors contribute to the rate of damage to historical monuments. An increase in humidity provides the necessary environment for corrosive chemical reactions in the absence of rain. Likewise, changes in sun radiation can temporarily raise temperatures on the surface of monuments, mimicking the effects of global warming on a specific site. Prevention/Solution 5. Fortunately, the levels of atmospheric sulfur dioxide have declined in recent years, mitigating some effects of pollution on historical monuments. According to the U. S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA), the United States saw more than a 70-percent reduction in these levels from 1980 to 2008. Other solutions, such as limiting vehicle traffic near historical monuments, may also lessen the impact of pollution. A 1995 study in the journal Science of The Total Environment found that such measures provided an economical as well as a reliable way to curtail pollution on the Arch of Titus in Rome.

Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Answer: Introduction: The report introduces the concept of artificial intelligence. The report defines the various advantages and the various disadvantages of the artificial intelligence concept. The report defines the various technologies that have been developed in the recent times in the field of the artificial intelligence. The purpose of the report is to define the various new technologies that have developed in the recent time and how these technologies can be implemented in the organization. Artificial intelligence is an important and a useful concept, proper implementation of which helps in the gaining of the competitive advantage to the organization. All these importance and the functions of the technology of artificial intelligence has been put forward in the report. The use of the new advancements in the field of artificial intelligence in the organization has been presented in the report. The various organization face difficulty in the making of the important decisions regarding the project or the other decisions. All these problems are solved by the use of the technology of the artificial intelligence (Buzko et al. 2016). The companies also face the problem in the maintenance of the large amount of data and the protection of the confidential information. These problems are also solved by the use of the artificial intelligence techniques. Thus, artificial intelligence in todays world is an important tool and is implemented by most of the organization for the smooth functioning and the proper running of the organization. The report presents the use of the artificial intelligence in the SellMart organization. The process in which the technology can be implemented in the organization helps in the better understanding of the implementation of the process. The organization that has been chosen for the presentation of the concept of artificial intelligence is SellMart. This is an online website that is responsible for the selling of the large number of products of different variety. As a result of which a large number of products have to be handled. A large number of decisions has to be made in order to operate the organization in a proper manner and in order to make the correct amount of profit. The organization also has a team for the handling of the website and the application of the organization. There are a large number of employees that have to be handled by the organization. The organization thus has to be make the use of the artificial intelligence technology in order to handle the situation and the problems that may be arising in the organization. The organization is looking to expand and increase the number of the products and for this a proper planning is required on how to proceed and the discussion of the work flow also hav e to be made. The organization being an online one is more prone to be attacked by the various hackers and the various unethical and the unauthorized users. Thus the use of the artificial intelligence has to be made in order to run the organization in a proper manner. Artificial Intelligence: The concept of artificial intelligence involves the intelligence that is shown by the machines such as the intelligence that is displayed by the humans. The working of the artificial intelligence technology involves the taking of the decisions or the necessary actions depending on the environment and the surroundings. The use of the artificial intelligence is generally made at the time of problem solving and learning. The use of the concept of artificial intelligence is increasing as the machines are becoming more and more intelligent and can carry out the task at a faster rate and much more efficiently (Nilsson 2014). Thus, the process of automation can be used in order to carry out a number of tasks. The various tasks that the process of artificial intelligence can carry out are the event of understanding the speech of the humans, the use for competing in the strategic games. The concept of the artificial intelligence is extended to the autonomous cars, the proper implementation of which will result in the change of the way people travel. Appendix 1 shows the concept of artificial intelligence. The smart routing in the process of delivery is also another solution that is presented by the concept of artificial intelligence. Advanced Technologies in Artificial Intelligence: Natural Language Generation: The process of natural language generation is a new implementation of the concept of artificial intelligence. The purpose of the natural language generation process is to convert the data into text. This will help in the analysis of the data at a faster rate and in a much efficient and effective manner. The use of the natural language generation process can be made in the various sectors of the organization such as that of the customer service and the analysis of the large number of information (Nilsson 2014). There is a large number of data regarding the various projects that is done by the organization. All these data has to be analyzed, collected and calculated. It is not feasible for the human mind to carry out the process. The machines carry out the process of converting the large number of complex and huge data into text. This will help in the easy and correct analysis of the data. The calculation of the profit can also be made in an easy manner. Th ere are reports that have to be generated on the basis of the reviews of the customers. This is also carried out by the process of artificial intelligence. Speech Recognition: The use of speech recognition falls under the category of artificial intelligence. The field of artificial intelligence is wide and the speech recognition technology is one of the recent and advanced technologies that comes under the category of artificial intelligence. The use of the speech recognition technology has been made by the various organization to make the work process of the organization easy and maintain the workflow of the organization (Spiro et al. 2017). This can help in the storage of any of the information, which was earlier used. By the use of the speech recognition system, the information can then be retrieved. Any of the instruction that is given to the speech recognition system earlier, may be used later as all the instruction and the information gets stored. Virtual agent: A virtual agent involves the agent that is computer based. This is an implementation of the artificial intelligence, where the implementation of the concept involves the replying of the questions by a machine. This application of artificial intelligence helps in the saving of the time of the organization and helps in the handling of the customer. It is not possible for the employees of the organization to handle a large number of clients at the same time. Thus, for the customer satisfaction and for the saving of time of the organization, the auto- generated message is generated. In the auto generated message there are various information of the organization that is generally presented to the customer (Copeland 2015). The use of the virtual agents or the virtual bot helps in the solving of the various problem of the user. The main working principle of the virtual agent involves the storage of the information and then answering the answer that is asked by the user. The w hole process takes place in an automated manner. This is an implementation of the technology of artificial intelligence where the answer to the questions or the various queries of the customer is put forward. The Appendix 3 puts forward the virtual agent concept in a clear manner. The implementation of this is made when a person orders a product and an auto generated message is produced. Machine learning platforms: The machine learning is an important function that is implemented by the various organization. The concept of machine learning is an useful concept that is implemented for the finding of the various solutions. The use of the machine learning concept may be used in order to compare a large number of results and put forward the best solution that is possible. The use of the machine learning is being treated with primary importance as the use of the machine learning will help in the comparison of a large number of data and information. This will help in the obtaining of the best solution that is possible. This will lead to the increase of the efficiency and the productivity of the work of the organization. The machine learning platform may also be used for another sensitive purpose that is for the protection of the data and the information of the organization (Conitzer et al. 2016). This can be done by the method of viewing the previous information that is av ailable. The use of the machine learning concept helps in the viewing of the data regarding the previous cyber security methods that was used and on the basis of these previous data the best solution or the best method for the protection of the data and the information is applied and implemented. Thus the application of artificial intelligence in the machine learning field has been helpful for the various organizations in the decision making purpose. Decision Management: The proper making of the decision is a challenge for all the organizations. The proper decision- making can make the deal or break the deal. The proper decision is responsible either for the betterment of the organization or may even lead to the downfall of the organization. Thus, the proper decision- making for all types of organization from small to large is necessary. The use of the artificial intelligence is being made by the organizations in order to make the intelligent decisions. The use of artificial intelligence helps in the setting of the various rules, following which helps in the organization to make improvement and obtain competitive advantage over the other organizations. The artificial method makes the use of the various factors in order to make the decision. The use of the artificial intelligence concept can be used for the decision making taking into consideration the various environments and the surrounding. The artificial intelligence also cons iders the previous data if any are present. If a similar situation has occurred in the past, then on the basis of the previous solution that was applied the decision is made (Bond and Gasser 2014). It is also checked whether previously the application of the previous solution resulted in a positive or a negative situation. The artificial intelligence is the main tool that is used nowadays by the various organizations in order to make the decisions that is related to the investments that has to be made by the organization. The Appendix 2 shows the decision making concept by the use of artificial intelligence. The calculations of the profitability is kept in mind while making the calculation related to the investments that have to be made. All the calculations are made such that the profit is recognized by the organization. The use of the artificial intelligence can be used in order to calculate the profit in an automatic manner. There are large number of projects that is done by the organization. It is not possible for the organization to make the calculation for all the projects. Thus the use of the artificial intelligence is made. With the machines becoming more efficient, the use of the artificial intelligence for the calculation of the investment and the profit increases the efficiency of the organization. The artificial intelligence technology. The biometrics can be used for the storage of a large number of information of a particular person. The use of the any of the body part of the person for the proper identification of the Biometrics: The biometrics is another important application of tperson may be used or for the characteristic of the person. The biometrics may be identified just with the use of a part of the body such as the finger. The main working function of the biometrics is that just by the use of the finger the information of the person can be obtained (Vatsa, Singh and Majumdar 2018). The finger has to kept on the sensor. By matching the finger pattern, the biometric can match and display all the information to the user. The use of biometrics makes the use of concept of artificial intelligence for the recognition of the pattern of the finger and showing of the information according to the finger pattern. The Appendix 4 presents the biometric system. Use of Artificial intelligence in SellMart: The various organization uses the concept of artificial intelligence in order to gain the competitive advantage and to run the business in a proper and smooth manner. The SellMart organization also looks forward to the use of the artificial intelligence in order to plan the organization and can execute the plans of expanding in a proper manner. The technologies that is used by the SellMart organization is the machine learning, virtual agent and decision management. The SellMart organization is a relatively new organization that is looking forward to grow and expand (Stone, Neely and Lengnick-Hall 2018). Thus, the proper planning is necessary for the proper operation of the organization after the expansion of the organization is made. This can be done by the help of artificial intelligence, which helps in the putting forward of the plan and the way in which the work process has to be carried out in order to grow and compete with the brands that are already settled in the market. The u se of the artificial intelligence helps in the recognition which product has the capability and the probability of making the maximum profit. The growth and the success of the organization depends on the working of the employees. The working of the employees helps the company in growing and helps in the execution of the plans. The use of the artificial intelligence helps in the identification of the employee who can work in a particular field towards the increase of the productivity of the organization. The implementation of the machine learning concept under the concept of artificial intelligence is used by the SellMart organization for the making a number of decisions in the basis of the previous data an information. The price when the organization is providing offers is decided on the basis of the previous data that is present. The use of machine learning concept comes into existence in this situation. The machine learning process is used in the process where the previous data is used in order to get to a solution by the comparison of the previous data that is present. There may be situation when the product after the time of delivery is broken and is reported by the customer. In this situation, it has to be checked in such a situation what step was taken in order to get rid of the problem (Kasprick et al. 2016). As the business is an online one, therefore there is high chances of the network or the website of the organization being hacked. Thus the solution has to be presented s o that the data and the information can be saved. The data that is stored in the database may be attacked and in this way the information of all the products would be affected and the website would not be working in a proper manner thus resulting in the loss of the organization. The network of the organization can also be hacked. This has greater chance of affecting the organization. The reason for that is the effect that the hacking would have on the organization. The hacking of the network of the organization leads to the gaining the access of the systems of the organization (Ghahramani 2015). The hacking of the network also involves the getting hold of the transactions that is taking place. The gaining of the access to the transactions may affect the large number of transactions that are taking place. The hacker may even steal the large amounts from the large number of customers that are being transferred into the account of the organization. The help of the concept of machine learning can overcome the problem of cyber security. Machine Learning can provide the solution that is to be used in order to get rid of the cyber security issues that may occur. The machine learning may present the solution of cloud computing to be used as the solution of cyber security. The use of IAM role in cloud computing can be used for the prevention of the cyber security attacks. The result of the application of machine learning may even be the use of firewall. This depends on the situation and the degree of the attack on the organization. The solution that is presented depends on the cyber security issue that has occurred. The use of firewall can always be presented and put forward for the constant protection of the data and the information of the organization (Yampolskiy and Spellchecker 2016). The use of the concept of snapshot and the use of the IAM role play an important role in the protection of the data and information. The use of the snapshot concept is made in order to protect the loss of any form of data. The use of the snapshot helps in the storage of all the activities that is carried out by the organizations. This helps in the storage of the information of the projects that is carried out by the organization. The other forms of data and information that is stored in the system of the organization are stored as back up in the snapshot. This helps in the backing up of data that is present in the system of organization. The use of the IAM role in the cloud computing software helps in the protection of the data and the information. The IAM role concept helps in the protection of the data by the use of the security credentials. These are the solutions that are put forward by the use of artificial intelligence. The next concept under artificial intelligence that is put forward is the use of the virtual agent. When the customer places the order in SellMart for a particular product then the confirmation message is sent to the customer. It is not feasible for the employees to send the large number of messages to the customers. As a result of which the use of virtual agent is made for carrying out these automated processes of communicating with the customer. The virtual agent concept is a latest technology that is used by the various organizations in order to overcome the issues of facing issues regarding the communication with the customer. The use of the virtual agent is also made in order to call the customer and confirm the order that is placed (Dilek, ak?r and Ayd?n 2015). This is also an automated process that is carried out by the organization in order to get rid of any kind of fraud that may take place. This concept under the artificial intelligence can be used in order to save the time of the organization. The organization in this time can carry out other processes. The use of this virtual agent can be made in order to ease the work of the employees and in turn increase the productivity of the work. The other concept that is being used under the artificial intelligence parameter is the decision making process. The decision making process can be carried out by the help of the artificial intelligence. The use of the artificial intelligence concept helps in the efficient making of the decisions as the use of the artificial intelligence helps in the checking of the previous and the present data and then putting forward the best possible solution that may be possible (Kiela et al. 2016). The decision making process involves the putting forward the solution towards the best deal that may be possible for the organization. The use of the artificial intelligence can be made for the intelligent decision making by the organization on the various fields such as the project that should be undertaken, the investment that should be made and many such important decisions, which is important for the efficient working of the organization. Conclusion: From the report, it can be concluded that the use of artificial intelligence can be made in order to gain competitive advantage over the other organization. There a large number of advancements that have been made in the field of artificial intelligence and the various organizations are implementing these concepts in order to carry out the work of the organization in an efficient manner. The various tools that are introduced in the recent times under the field of artificial intelligence are the decision making tools mainly and the cyber security tools. 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