Consumer Culture in terms of Social Status and Identity Essay

Consumer Culture in terms of Social Status and Identity - Essay Example The global arena, as experienced in the contemporary arena, has undergone through various changes, as historically provided. History provides a review of the evolution of Man, which culminated in great advancement during the past two centuries in terms of different contexts. The 20th century was indeed the hallmark of human irony, where various contexts influenced and were in turn affected by human civilization. Thus despite the clashes of human ideology, which inadvertently resulted in two deadly global wars, and a 45-year long Cold war, the real winner of all this was an unlikely candidate. What do I mean by this? That while the United States became the eventual global leader, the century did not culminate in its political ideas’ dominance in global affairs rather it was the concept/ aspect of consumerism that won. Consumer culture, individualism, individual strive for success, and materialism became the dominant identity factor, which portrayed then and still does, Man’s ultimate gains (Cross, 2002). While the political and economic spheres had been influential in humanity’s existence, as portrayed throughout history, it is the 20th century, which ultimately defined Man. In the superpower itself, and increasingly across the globe, the visions of a political society of active citizenship and stable, shared values did not become enshrined in the human subconscious. Rather, the seemingly passive, yet dynamic society became ingrained in material consumption in the manner. Jhally (2006) portrays that this is what has come to define our current society, the geopolitical, social and economic factors notwithstanding. To augment the aforementioned drive has been the greatly influential aspect of globalization. Despite the great expansion of government, the very basic ideal of political life being primary to social coexistence and human interaction, it has receded to the  background; paving way for a consumer public.

Psychological Portraiture Essay Example for Free

Psychological Portraiture Essay Another distingished legacy that Halsman left behind was essentially a product of a probing psychologist in him who could treat his subjects with a deep insight and empathy and could make them reveal their characters in profound and extraordinary shades, which he eventually employed superbly in his works of photography. Also, with courteous manners, sauve witticism and stylish European accents, Halsman could establish an immediate connect with his American subjects (who, incidentally, dealt with psychology with an amused cynicism, of sorts) which greatly facilitated him to extricate the very best out of his subjects with rare aplomb and liveliness. In fact, he employed an extremely innovative technique, when he worked on a photography session with Marilyn Monroe, on an important assignment from Life. He made her stand in a corner and took around 40 –50 snapshots, as encircled by few admiring men, Monroe could put her spontaneous and effortless best as she ‘smiled, flirted, giggled and wriggled with delight† and enjoyed herself superbly, there-by, almost unknowingly, giving a large number of photo-opportunities to Halsman, who utilised the same to rare perfection. (Jones, 2001) While Halsman could craftily avoid any livid or lurid references of any â€Å"physical assests† of his character (an off-shoot of his somewhat traditional disposition? ), he was a modernist enough in his approach to employ all his subtle finery and sophistication to provoke his subjects into actually emoting the best reactions which, in effect, constituted the very staple of his subject of portraiture photography, bringing him world-wide recognition and acclaim.

HOVENSA: Economic Boost and Environmental Disaster Essay -- Environmen

By far the largest private employer in the Virgin Islands, HOVENSA has decided to cease operations, despite the ongoing economic crisis plaguing the territory which desperately relies on the refinery’s vital tax revenues. Nevertheless, the company cites its present fiscal woes as the primary reason behind such a brash decision. In so far as, fluctuating oil prices brought on by various world events, in concert with other minor details including the manner in which the plant is run and the amount of expenditures incurred, have caused the oil giant to generate about $1.3 billion dollars in losses. What seems odd are the events is the surrounding environmental issues which have plagued the plant during 2010 and 2011, which caused the Environmental Protection Agency to sanction the company with a $700 million dollar mandate. Such legal action taken was the result of a series of mis-steps with the refinery’s engineering/environmental protection practices, resulting in one of the worst environmental disasters to hit the territory. HOVENSA came about as a new joint venture in the region between parent company, Hess Oil, and state owned oil company, Venezuela National Oil Company. Beginning in 1966 however, we notice that the precursor to HOVENSA, Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corporation, was seen as more of an economic miracle rather than a disaster in the making. Years subsequent to 1966 witnessed a continued expansion of the oil refinery petroleum producing capacity, essentially elevating it from what was known as humble operation to what would be considered to be a monolithic organization. Whether that included the refineries increased capacity from 45,000 barrels a day to well over 500,000 barrels a day, or the company’s innovative te... ...vironment is once again held paramount. Works Cited 1) Blackburn, Joy. 2011. "EPA launches HOVENSA air quality study." Virgin Islands Daily News, The (St. Thomas), February 16. 2) "Nation's Second Largest Refinery to Pay More Than $5.3 Million Penalty for Clean Air Act Violations." Allvoices. Web. 02 Mar. 2012. . 3) "Government De Jongh Seeks Federal Assistance in Aftermath of HOVENSAClosure." Governor John P. DeJongh. Web. 02 Mar. 2012. . 4) "HOVENSASt. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 02 Mar. 2012. .

Kwanpen Case Study

Consumer Behavior: Singapore and desire for luxury: Singapore is among the top 10 destinations for luxury brands worldwide (69% of all usury retailers present). Luxury stores are present everywhere in the city more particularly In Orchard Road and shopping centers. Between 2006 and 2010, sales of luxury goods grew by 18% 1. Even if the sales have slowed down during the scrolls of 2009, they rose again In 2010 The luxury goods become more and more popular whatsoever watches, clothes or handbags.One of the mall reasons of this trend Is the growth of high-income households. The annual disposable incomes above US $75,000 increased by 4% between 2006 and 2010, so more Singapore are able to afford luxury goods. On the other hand their awareness to luxury brands (especially European ones) increased significantly. Luxury brands take more and more importance in lifestyle magazines and all others advertising mediums. We know that usually Asian people attach importance to the image. When they b uy a product they think about the image returned by this product.Many business men and women, with high Incomes, deal with foreign clients; they want to present a groomed Image. That Is the reason why they are willing to buy luxury products. Other high-income earners In Singapore are the experts. They tend to buy luxury goods and then Influence the local trends and the way Singapore see luxury products. This desire to own luxury brands coupled to high incomes and advertising presence in Medias will maintain and increase the demand for luxury brands. Luxury companies expected to benefit from important sales over the forecast period.However, growth of luxury goods seems not be able to affect non-luxury products, because most Singapore are still prudent with their spending. Why Singapore prefer global brands instead of local brands? 2 â€Å"Rider's digest trusted brand survey 2008†, 23 April 2011, My Paper According to the newspaper â€Å"My Paper† market survey, 26% of S ingapore favor local brands (so 74% favor global brands)2. Even if there are many strong local brands such as Tiger or Singapore Airlines the support of home- growth brands Is very low.So we will try to understand why Singapore have a preference for global brands instead of local brands. The mall reasons that come In mind are that Singapore attach a lot of Importance to their Image. The 2 notions of status and belonging are key points of the Asians consumer behavior. Singapore is a modern society Tanat Keeps peep collectivist relations slantingly. The Singapore society is highly, individuals are strongly sensible of their place thin the group, institution or society as a whole, and their attitude, dress and speech corresponding to their status.They are extremely fussy about the need to keep their dignity. They attach great attention to the choice of products; prices, brand and presentation should reflect its own social status. As to personal appearance, color, material and style of clothing, they must match the social status that defines the age, sex, occupation†¦ Singapore wear luxury goods show to others that you are part of high class. The quality of the product has less importance than the image that the brand will reflect. Awaken has the opposite positioning in Singapore.Belonging It is essential for Asian people to be accepted by his peers and the fear of rejection, exclusion, is intense, creating a need to always be part of the trendy and fashionable group. Singapore have a different approach of buying luxury goods compare to westerns people. They buy this kind of product to be a part of a group, because the trend is to buy western fashion products. It is a consequence of the westernizes. PERSONAL We can compare the Moscow pyramid of the western people and the one of Asian people.It appears that personal need which is very strong in western societies sonnets exist in Asians societies. Status Self-actualization SOCIAL Admiration Affiliation Belongin g Prestige Safety PHYSICAL Physiological The statement that Singapore prefer global brands can be contradicted by the fact that there are only a few Singapore brands, so we have the feeling that Singapore do not support their own brands. But in many industries and especially in the fashion industry, local brands suffer from the comparison with global brands.For the case of Awaken it is obvious that the brand is subjected to this specific consumer behavior. But in an other hand Awaken achieved to succeed n Hong Kong, a very similar market than Singapore. We can explain this by many facts. First Awaken is not seen as a local brand in Hong Kong, they overcame the Asian consumer behavior difficulties. We will now explain what the main defaults of the brand which prevent Awaken to succeed in Singapore. Brand equity & Obstacles 10 netter unreason ten salmonella's customer Attlee towards Awaken, lets study the key components of Awakener's brand equity.Thanks to the brand equity definition, 3 keys have to be taken in considerations: â€Å"The differential effect†, â€Å"the brand knowledge† and â€Å"the consumer response to marketing†. In the luxury market, the differentiation is based on what the brand reflects to the costumer and less on what the product is. Awaken is trying to differentiate himself from his competitors on the product characteristics (handmade, crocodile skin†¦ ). The Awakener's differentiation strategy is not appropriate with the luxury market where the differentiation is done through the brand image since the quality is implicit.Therefore there is a lack into the Awakener's brand equity. Since the three keys of the brand equity are pretty linked, the brand knowledge is weakened such as the consumer response to marketing. In order to give some recommendations to Awaken, it's relevant to focus on the sources of brand equity in order to understand what goes wrong with Awaken. There are three sources of brand equity that are : brand association, brand awareness and brand accessibility The brand awareness is the extent for a customer to recognize a brand and its elements.Awaken does not have a lot of brand awareness. Indeed, as our opinion poll pinpointed only 21% of the people do know that the brand exists. Moreover only 8% of the people recognized the brand logo and 59% did not really like it. Therefore it's hard to create a favorable attitude toward the brand and receptiveness to the message. The accessibility of the shops reinforces the brand awareness. Accessibility is how easy it is or how easy it seems to be, for customers to interact with and to purchase the brand.In the case of Awaken this component of the brand equity is well done since the number of point of sales correspond to such a product ‘E: one or two maximum in each principle market. This kind of strategy with a very exclusive distribution channel is very efficient especially in the luxury business. However the flags ships are a b it less luxurious and with less mantra than the other brands. For all those reasons, even if the accessibility is a drawback and could be improved. The last source of brand equity is the brand association. Brand association is relative to past experience between the customer and the brand.Product use and advertisement are the basis of this concept. As Awaken is not wildly spread in Singapore and does not do any advertisement, the costumer cannot easily associate the brand to anything. According to our opinion poll, it's clear that a large majority (79%) of the costumers does not have any mental association for this brand since they don't know the brand. For those that know the brand (21%) the mental map is as follow: As we can see on the mental map ( appendices B) all the associations that are made with the brand are very material and none is related to brand universe, Which is a basic feature in the luxury market.Now lets consider the uniqueness of the selling proposition that is à ¢â‚¬  fashionable, handmade and high quality crocodile product that last for life†. This positioning is quiet unique and in one hand can be a compelling reason to buy product from the brand but in the other hand in this market it's debatable whether this proposition is efficient. Indeed, the kind of costumer that buy products for the quality are not focus on fashion and are more likely to appreciate very classic model with a style that will last over the years.Last but not least the colors are too flashy for such a proposition ii a 30 years old woman can appreciate a pink purse but will it be ten same when seen Is pyramid of Awaken. Considering all tense International we can Dull As it appears on the pyramid some part of the pyramid are missing. Therefore we can conclude that the brand has not built a brand image yet. In Singapore their target market is very narrow. Indeed they target people with high incomes that are only looking for quality and don't care about consideratio ns such as: the image that is shown by the product.In Singapore people buy product to be part of a group and the rich people group like to buy European brands. Therefore the target market is very narrow. Recommendations Awakener's marketing strategy is not efficient. Gingersnap's market is a particularly one, as we pointed out in our first part. We do really think that Awaken should first redefine the target. The target is not clear, so the positioning does not match with the target expectations. So the positioning should be created for this specific target. Now, the positioning is focus on the product characteristics.But in a luxury market customers are less likely to buy a product for rational reasons (product's characteristics) than irrational ones (brand universe). So the key points on which Awaken should work salience, imagery, feelings and resonance, that is to say the missing points of the CUBE pyramid. Nowadays Awaken focus only on the product and the quality, they should de velop their brand. The brand is not valuable in Singapore. They do really have to work on the brand equity. The salience can be improved by the communications. As we mentioned Awaken do not use the media and either did not do any advertisements.So our recommendations to fix that would be to launch a communication campaign into specialized Medias, such as fashion magazines (Vogue, Ell†¦ ). We could also imagine exposing Awaken handbags in window-store in luxury hotel halls The biggest obstacle concerning the imagery is that Awaken is not seen as an international luxury brand. As explained before Singapore are more willing to buy global brands products instead of local rand's especially in the luxury market. Awaken cannot hide its Singapore origin, but the can make the customers forget about it.For instance they should hire western models instead of Asian ones and do brand endorsement with international stars which are particularly famous in Singapore. It will also show that the brand is well- known abroad. According to our opinion poll Awaken has no dominant â€Å"feeling†. They should develop the image of the brand so that they would be able to make the customer have specific feelings when they buy a handbag. The main feelings that must be developed are the social approval feeling that is common to almost all luxury brand and the security feeling to differentiate itself from its competitors.For instance they could associate themselves with a very famous international luxury watch company (as Jaeger Lecture or Role) to make crocodile skin bracelet. Consumer will associate the feelings of security and social approval of the watch brand with Awaken. And it will increase the international image of Awaken. The last feeling that Awaken should work on is the resonance. They should work on the brand universe to increase customer loyalty. Entering Into a Awaken snoop NAS to De a unlike experience. I nee should increase their shop standards.

Global Environmental Issues Essay

Global environmental issues, such as climatic change, global warming, pollution, species extinction and destruction of tropical rain forests hold unique place among other major international problems as it is one area that has transformative, comprehensive and long term impact on the future of entire world. For over a decade now the subject of these issues have become the common platform for intellectuals citizens, scientists, social organizations, and political and economic leaders from different parts of world to converge, assess and determine the possible ways to contain and mitigate its threat, that poses an unprecedented risk to the functioning and perhaps very survival of humanity. Climatic change, rain forest destruction and global warming are all interrelated issues, borne from same cause of increase in population and consumption. The empirical instances of these problems have been already factually corroborated in late in 1980s and early 1990s (Paterson, 1996). The years since 1987 started to show the veracity of these predictions as global average annual temperature soared higher every passing year and 1998 became the warmest year in the recorded years. More ominously, the second and third most warmest years in recorded history were 1995 and 1993, confirming to scientists, environmentalists and people that the rise in global temperature was not a sudden phenomena, or an aberration, but a systematic process that would compound in the absence of any effective policy and action (Johansen, 2002). Meanwhile, the destruction of Amazon and African rain forests have further compounded the problem, causing the environmental conditions to deteriorate more rapidly. Issues of climatic change and global warming have assumed international proportion as people have started to realized that the warming is a consequence of the largely unstructured paradigm of development, consumption, and growth followed over past 200 years, a problem that has been deeply embedded in the socio-cultural and economic system of the world (Uzawa, 2003). Despite the fact that there are many people over the world who would readily associate United States as the whole sole perpetrator of emission of greenhouse gases and global warming, United States has been among the leading campaigners to instituting policy change and corrective actions on the most comprehensive and global level to tackle the problem. The threats arising from global warming are bound to affect US’ economic and public interests with same intensity as they would affect that of any other country (Fleagle, 1994). Changing sea-level, intensification of storms, and climatic change have presented real threats for the United States and it is pressed for a domestic as well international solution (Uzawa, 2003). The problems with US are that its complex economic interests, industrial structure and societal framework doesn’t allow it to implement any drastic measures that may force a possible economic collapse (Victor, 2001). Under these strenuous complications, the US government is trying to come up with a policy for large scale institutional change and economic streamlining that aims to incorporate environmental costs as part of the economy and the society.

Critical Analysis of El Grecos View of Toledo essays

Critical Analysis of El Grecos View of Toledo essays High atop a hill of granite, surrounded by the gorge and river Tagus sits the ancient and formidable gothic Cathedral and Moorish palace, Alcazar, of Toledo, Spain. Toledo's skyline has changed little since El Greco immortalized Spain's religious centre in 1597-9(Cardillac 28). El Greco's natural talents, his "schooling," and the flare of his adopted Spain, combined to produce an artistic genius. El Greco's ability to convey manneristic images that were so original in conception and color that the detail gives a miraculous conception of cohesion to the whole work(Wethey 61). When studying this canvas, however, one must examine the passionate, moonlit sky; the artistic license El Greco took in the placement of the city's salient landmarks; and what these liberties connote within the context of his time(Brown 244). View of Toledo is one of the earliest landscapes in Western Art; in addition, it is El Greco's only true landscape and the first in Spanish Art (Legendre 13). It is a romantic, yet stark dramatic view of his beloved city. Toledo was the centre of the secular and ecclesiastical Spanish world. El Greco was a deeply pious man and formed an instant affection for the city(joslyn.org). Of El Greco's two surviving landscapes, View of Toledo is essentially as mystical in composition as his religious canvases (Wethey 63). The painting seems to anticipate the impressionist movement 250 years away. Historically, the striking use of such rich tones of violet, azure, and emerald were dramatically different from the realist conception of nature. In fact, one could argue that El Greco mimicked the "almost psychedelic hues" from Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel(Web Museum). Today, these bold color schemes lose much of their impact; however, historically, they were a watershed in painting(Acton 82). The idea behind this landscape of Toledo was to announce the city's greatness. The painting was intended to propagate t...

Drugs and Their Effects essays

Drugs and Their Effects essays Many different drugs have very serious, complex negative effects on the person who is using that particular drug. Some of these drugs do actually have some positive effects. Drugs make the brain stimulated in certain places more than others, which are not as stimulated while not on any type of drug. Marijuana makes you act slower, think slower, eat large quantities of food, slows your metabolism (makes you fat eventually) and ruins your short term memory. if you are a long term user and you quit, you will be subject to bouts of anxiety attacks for a period lasting 6 months to a couple of years. There are many types of drugs that have effects on the brain as well as the rest of the body. Alcohol is no safer than drugs. Alcohol impairs judgment and leads to memory lapses. It can lead to blackouts. It distorts vision, shortens coordination, and in addition to the brain can damage every other organ in the body. Cocaine, both in powder form and as crack, is an extremely addictive stimulant. An addict usually loses interest in many areas of life, including school, sports, family, and friends. Use of cocaine can lead to feelings of paranoia and anxiety. Although often used to enhance sex drive, physical effect of cocaine on the receptors in the brain reduces the ability to feel pleasure (which in turn causes the dependency on the drug). Extended use of Ecstasy causes difficulty differentiating reality and fantasy, and causes problems concentrating. Studies have found that ecstasy destroys certain cells in the brain. While the cells may re-connect after discontinued use of the drug, they don't re-connect normally. Like most drugs, this one impairs memory and can cause paranoia, anxiety, and confusion. Psychological difficulties, including confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety, and paranoia - during and sometimes weeks after taking MDMA. Symptoms of taking Ecstasy are physical symptoms such as muscle t...

A Dozen Nonnumerical Words for Quantities

A Dozen Nonnumerical Words for Quantities A Dozen Nonnumerical Words for Quantities A Dozen Nonnumerical Words for Quantities By Mark Nichol The English language has, well, a number of words that denote specific or approximate quantities that are themselves not numbers. This post lists and defines a dozen of those words. 1. brace: two, in reference to identical objects 2. century: primarily denotes 100 years, but occasionally used, especially in the context of competitive racing, to refer to something consisting of 100, as in a 100-mile race 3. couple: two, though loosely refers to a few of something 4. decade: primarily denotes 10 years, but occasionally refers to ten of something 5. dozen: twelve (a half dozen, or half a dozen, is six, and a baker’s dozen is thirteen, from the notion that a baker would include an extra item in a batch of twelve so as not to be accused of short-changing a customer) 6. duo: two, in reference to people engaged in an endeavor together, as in musical performance (other words denote three or more people in the same context: trio, quartet, etc.) 7. grand: slang for â€Å"1,000† 8. gross: 144, or twelve dozen 9. large: slang for â€Å"1,000† 10. myriad: originally, ten thousand, but now loosely refers to a very large quantity 11. pair: two, often in reference to identical objects 12. score: twenty Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeAmong vs. Amongst20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Concept maps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concept maps - Essay Example A main characteristic of the concept map is that it employs hierarchy in representing the various concepts. The top of the map contains the general and most inclusive concepts and the less general and specific concepts are at the bottom of the map. Also the concept map is best constructed with reference to a particular question known as the focus question (Novak & Canas, 2011). Therefore the hierarchical structure of the map depends not only on the knowledge domain but also the context in which it is applied. Therefore it is very effective in capturing knowledge and to plan for an expert system. The cross-links feature of the concept map is another vital feature which links the various concepts in the map. It helps to understand the relationship between the knowledge that is represented in the map (Novak & Canas, 2011). In capturing of knowledge it is vital to have continuity and link the various concepts. Also in an expert system it is required to be able to trace the root of various concepts and how various concepts interact or related to each other. This is made possible by the concept. Therefore, a concept map is a very effective design technique but also extreme care must be taken in constructing the concept map. Novak, J.D. & Canas, A.J. (2008). The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct and Use Them. [Online]. Available at: http://cmap.ihmc.us/publications/researchpapers/theorycmaps/theoryunderlyingconceptmaps.htm. Accessed on 8th Feb,

Basseri of Iran Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Basseri of Iran - Research Paper Example One definition offered for pastoral nomads is that they are â€Å"societies specializing in animal husbandry requiring periodic movement† (Barfield, 1984). For such societies, â€Å"animal husbandry is †¦an ideal way of making a living† and â€Å"movement of all or part of the society is considered a normal and natural part of life† (Barfield, 1984). Another interesting aspect of this people is that in the modern context, though they may be making more income out of activities other than pastoralism, still â€Å"the concept of nomadic pastoralism remains central to their own identities† (Barfield, 1984). Generations who have remained pastoral nomads have instilled a unique culture into this people, which cannot be erased by modernity that easily. Phillips (2001) has observed that â€Å"Basseri are true nomads, sometimes moving camp nearly everyday† (p.286). Studies (Phillips, 2001) about Basseri have shown that a group of Basseris may establish and re-erect their tent on an average of â€Å"120 times a year† (p.286). As seasons change, they follow a route that take them into pastures along the valleys and also help their cattle cope with the rising temperatures (Philipps, 2001, p.286). During summer, thus they reach the high altitudes and in the autumn, commence the return journey to the valleys (Philipps, 2001, p.286). In this way, Basseri is a people constantly on the move. And the movement in their life is connected with their primary mode of subsistence. A section of these nomads have now become sedentary while another major section still remains true to their nomadic culture (Philipps, 2001, p.283). Primary mode of subsistence As discussed above, the primary mode of subsistence for Basseri tribe has been pastoralism. They have a pattern of â€Å"annual movement cycles† which make them travel according to the climate and availability of grass for their cattle (Marx, 1977, p.344). They are also seen to mo ve around based on â€Å"subsistence units†, which are specific areas that they move into under the norm that it is their â€Å"territory† (Marx, 1977, p.344). The livelihood of Basseri tribe has been by selling meat and skin, and other pastoral products (Tapper, 1997, p.21). Anthropologists have even named the pastoral and nomadic tribes of Iran as â€Å"units of subsistence†, a nomenclature indicative of how the very mode of subsistence becomes their socio-cultural identity. Pastoralist Being pastoral does not mean that the only subsistence of a society is pastoralism. Instead such a nomenclature is just indicative that â€Å"as long as economic alternatives are insecure, and pastoralism serves as the economic base, †¦people are justly called pastoral nomads† (Marx, 1977, p.344). But the more important aspect, as discussed above is that pastoralism is always â€Å"the mainstay of their culture† (Marx, 1977, p. 344). Another fact is that past oralism is found to develop only in places where â€Å"water is seasonally in short supply† (Marx, 1977, p.345). In the deserts of Middle East, every year, there are alternating dry and wet spells of weather. It is to cope with this climatic condition that Basseri tribe became nomadic and pastoral. Culture The Basseri culture is distinct with strong ties of kinship, which has resulted in the formation of independent families who inhabit a tent.

Symbolism of Moby Dick based on outline provided Essay

Symbolism of Moby Dick based on outline provided - Essay Example With the White Whale being alluded to the greatness of Christianity --- Ahab being part of this whale --- this could be representational of the concept of the white Christian civilization utilizing slavery as a means toward global success. Captain Ahab is at the helm of Pequod setting sail with a crew coming from different races. Their purpose is to hunt the White Whale with no regard to people who might change this itinerary (Robertson-Lorant 385). Notice that the crew consists of a New England voyager named Ishmael, a South Pacific islander named Queequeg --- who comes from a place that is not seen on maps, and a possible freeman or slave cabin boy named Pip (Pettey 43). Hints about the Indian wars are seen in Melville’s work. First, Pequod is named after the exterminated tribes in 1637. Harpooners in the Pequod consists of â€Å"Aboriginal whalemen† and â€Å"unmixed Indian from Gay Head...where there still exists the last remnant of a village of red men† (Pet tey 47-8). It can be said that Moby Dick has the Indian genocide and the exploitation of workers as two of the major themes in Melville’s work. Works Cited Pettey, H B. "Cannibalism, Slavery, and Self-Consumption in Moby-Dick." The Arizona Quarterly. 59 (2003): 31-58. Print. Robertson-Lorant, Laurie. "Red Blood, White Bones: the Native American Presence in Moby- Dick." Comparative American Studies.

Behavioral finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Behavioral finance - Assignment Example Modern financial economics are pegged on the assumption that financial practitioners act both meticulously and with rationale. However as evidenced and earlier stated, this is not always the case. These deviations from the norm are not rampant and inherent but follow a systematic chain of events. With this information in mind it is possible to incorporate these systematic human deviations into the standard model of financial markets (Rutledge 264). In so doing, two commonly overlooked mistakes come to the foreground: Financial practitioners tend to indulge in excessive trading with belief that the next trade will rake in more lucrative returns. This is irrational trading and is propelled by emotion rather than rational thinking. The human trait of being too overconfident or corky in this case is the key driving motivation behind this bias. Some financial practitioners are also in the habit of holding on to losing stocks while at the same selling their winning stocks. This again is in stigated by lack of confidence and the need to avoid both failure and regrets coupled with poor judgments. Behavioral finance contributes to asset pricing in two major dimensions. These dimensions are reached upon by use of agents which may in them are not completely rational. These are: I. Limits to arbitrage This argues that the damage caused by irrational traders in their irrational deviations may be difficult, if not impossible to be undone by the more rational trades. The traditional asset-pricing model does not factor in market frictions and greatly undermined trading frictions like transaction cost, bid spread, ask spread etc. These forces have a great impact on asset returns and therefore should not be ignored. The limits to arbitrage create a model where mispricing exist for the simple reason that risk adverse arbitragers are not concerned mainly with the riskless values of an asset, but about the price of assets in periods following these irrational traders. This model con siders the cost of arbitrage more so the volatility returns and states that the habit of mispricing will inevitably dominate markets especially in the cases of highly volatile stocks whereby arbitragers may avoid the risky volatile position. Finding mispricing is a tasking affair and may involve institutional laws that should regulate the type of trade to be done. For instance short selling which is essential to effective arbitrage including cost of borrowing, legal fees and liquidity risk is not allowed in mutual and pension funds. Therefore there should exist a cap on the limits to arbitrage. II. Psychology: This helps in creating a continuum of deviations spurning from full rationality to completely irrational. The known concept of asset pricing therefore is in a very vibrant flux whereby there is a slow paradigm shift from the completely irrational approach to a more accommodating broader outlook based on the psychology of investors. Risk and misevaluations are therefore the two main determinants of the security expected returns. This is roughly based on a concept by Savage (183) which is a decision making method with imminent or existing risks in consideration. This concept is known as the Subjective Expected Utility whereby it is widely

Japanese Social, Political and Economic Development Research Paper

Japanese Social, Political and Economic Development - Research Paper Example Background According to the discussion by Roman A Cybriwsky, Japanese legend reaffirms that Japan was founded in the 600 BC by the Emperor Jimmu, who was a first ruler and direct descendant of the goddess of the sun and ancestor of the currently ruling imperial family (Cybriwsky, 1994). In AD 405, the Japanese court officially agreed to implement the Chinese writing system. Hand in hand with the introduction of Buddhism in the 6th century, these two events revolutionized Japanese culture and marked the start of a long period of Chinese cultural influence. The history was written down around 400 AD. With the establishment of the first fixed capital at Nara in 710 until 1867, the emperors of the Yamato dynasty were the nominal rulers, but actual power was usually held by influential court nobles, and the military governor’s. Japan, is comprised of islands, which extends along to Pacific coast of Asia (Flath, 2000). There are four main islands, extending from north to south, thes e are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Okinawa Island, which in size measures about 380 miles and lies southwest of Kyushu. In total, there are about 3,000 smaller islands are part of Japan. The total land area of Japan is slightly smaller compared to California. More than 70% of the country is hilly, with a many mountains cutting across the main islands. The country has its highest mountain which is well known as Mt. Fuji (12,388 feet). Because of this, little flat area exists and many hills and valleys are cultivated all in most regions. Japan is located in a volcanic zone along the Pacific depth where low-intensity earth tremors, volcanic activity are felt within the islands. Therefore, harmful earthquakes are bound to occur severally. It is recorded in history that massive earthquake of about magnitude 9.0 in scales and tsunami hit northeastern Japan's Tohoku region on March 11, 2011. This causes hot springs of water to arise, which are many and have been formed as a result . All of these factors make Japan a historically and geographically interesting country. This makes it appealing to tourists, and makes it very noticeable worldwide. People Japan's population is currently about 127 million, this growth rate from the 20th century has emerged as a result of scientific, industrialization, and sociological changes experienced within the country (Broadbent, 1990). However, the birth rates have decreased significantly from the 1970s. In 2005, Japan's population had declined for once, than earlier predicted and in the year 2010, the population growth rate was 1.0%. However, it was observed that better sanitary and health standards produced a life expectancy exceeding by far that of the United States. Japan has developed to an urban society, where we have only about 1% of the labor force engaged in agriculture. Many of the peasant farmers supplement their income with part-time jobs in nearby towns and cities (Broadbent, 1990). Study shows about 80 million o f the urban population is heavily concentrated on the Pacific shore of Honshu and in northern Kyushu. The majority of the population centers include: Metropolitan Tokyo with a population of about 8.9 million; Yokohama with 3.6 million; Osaka with 2.6 million; Nagoya with 2.2 million; Sapporo with 1.8 million; Kyoto and Kobe with 1.5 million each; Kawasaki and Fukuoka with 1.4 million each, and Saitama with 1.2 million (Cybriwsky, 1994).

Political independence of FED Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political independence of FED - Essay Example This has been contributed by the fact that politicians like manipulating and controlling these institutions for their own gains. In his lectures, Bernanke (2012) argued that central bank should be allowed to make independent decisions without political interference in order to have sound decisions. Studies have documented that political interference in the financial sector not only hinder how these institutions operate, but also interfere with how regulators enforce regulations. Financial regulators are, therefore, unable to take actions on banks that do not follow the laid down rules and regulations. When political interference is evident in the financial regulatory bodies, recognition of severity of crisis is delayed, intervention needed is also slowed and consequently raise the cost of the crisis to tax payers. Shielding financial sector from political interference helps to improve the quality of regulation and supervision. This helps in preventing financial crisis. Financial regu lators have two main purposes. First, they are mandated to protect the consumer. Second, they are also mandated to maintaining financial stability of financial institutions. When political interferences come in, these two roles of the regulator are abandoned. For instance, in 1997, political interference in the regulatory bodies of East Asia led to postponement of recognition of severity of crisis, which led to increased crisis.

Japanese Social, Political and Economic Development Research Paper

Japanese Social, Political and Economic Development - Research Paper Example Background According to the discussion by Roman A Cybriwsky, Japanese legend reaffirms that Japan was founded in the 600 BC by the Emperor Jimmu, who was a first ruler and direct descendant of the goddess of the sun and ancestor of the currently ruling imperial family (Cybriwsky, 1994). In AD 405, the Japanese court officially agreed to implement the Chinese writing system. Hand in hand with the introduction of Buddhism in the 6th century, these two events revolutionized Japanese culture and marked the start of a long period of Chinese cultural influence. The history was written down around 400 AD. With the establishment of the first fixed capital at Nara in 710 until 1867, the emperors of the Yamato dynasty were the nominal rulers, but actual power was usually held by influential court nobles, and the military governor’s. Japan, is comprised of islands, which extends along to Pacific coast of Asia (Flath, 2000). There are four main islands, extending from north to south, thes e are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Okinawa Island, which in size measures about 380 miles and lies southwest of Kyushu. In total, there are about 3,000 smaller islands are part of Japan. The total land area of Japan is slightly smaller compared to California. More than 70% of the country is hilly, with a many mountains cutting across the main islands. The country has its highest mountain which is well known as Mt. Fuji (12,388 feet). Because of this, little flat area exists and many hills and valleys are cultivated all in most regions. Japan is located in a volcanic zone along the Pacific depth where low-intensity earth tremors, volcanic activity are felt within the islands. Therefore, harmful earthquakes are bound to occur severally. It is recorded in history that massive earthquake of about magnitude 9.0 in scales and tsunami hit northeastern Japan's Tohoku region on March 11, 2011. This causes hot springs of water to arise, which are many and have been formed as a result . All of these factors make Japan a historically and geographically interesting country. This makes it appealing to tourists, and makes it very noticeable worldwide. People Japan's population is currently about 127 million, this growth rate from the 20th century has emerged as a result of scientific, industrialization, and sociological changes experienced within the country (Broadbent, 1990). However, the birth rates have decreased significantly from the 1970s. In 2005, Japan's population had declined for once, than earlier predicted and in the year 2010, the population growth rate was 1.0%. However, it was observed that better sanitary and health standards produced a life expectancy exceeding by far that of the United States. Japan has developed to an urban society, where we have only about 1% of the labor force engaged in agriculture. Many of the peasant farmers supplement their income with part-time jobs in nearby towns and cities (Broadbent, 1990). Study shows about 80 million o f the urban population is heavily concentrated on the Pacific shore of Honshu and in northern Kyushu. The majority of the population centers include: Metropolitan Tokyo with a population of about 8.9 million; Yokohama with 3.6 million; Osaka with 2.6 million; Nagoya with 2.2 million; Sapporo with 1.8 million; Kyoto and Kobe with 1.5 million each; Kawasaki and Fukuoka with 1.4 million each, and Saitama with 1.2 million (Cybriwsky, 1994).

Contract Law Part 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contract Law Part 1 - Essay Example Initially, it was not given much recognition by the courts. It was left to Lord Denning to assess its significance and reintroduce it in Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd. In this case the plaintiffs had leased out a number of apartments to the defendants. Thereupon, the World War had commenced. Consequently, the occupancy of these apartments reduced drastically. The defendants requested the plaintiffs and obtained a reduction in the lease amount. Afterwards, the World War came to an end and all the apartments were occupied. At this juncture, the plaintiffs demanded the originally agreed upon lease amount, for the period when the World War had been in progress. Lord Denning ruled that this was inequitable, because this would require the defendants to pay the full amount even though the apartments had been vacant2. Therefore, the plaintiffs were made subject to a promissory estoppel. It was held by the Court of Appeal in Williams v Roffey that where a party to an existing contract later agrees to pay an extra bonus in order to ensure that the other party performs his obligations under the contract, then that agreement is binding if the party agreeing to pay the bonus has thereby obtained some new practical advantage or has avoided a disadvantage. It was also held that executing an existing contractual obligation constitutes valid consideration, because it prevents the breaching of a contract with a third party3. Moreover, in CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v. Gallaher Ltd, it was decided that the practical benefit accruing to the promisor must be treated as consideration for extra payment4. In Central London Property Trust Ltd V. High Trees House Ltd, rent was reduced during World War II, as per the new agreement. After, the war was over, the landlord attempted to invoke the original contract, in order to obtain higher rent. The tenants invoked the principle of estoppel against the landlord and prevented him from enhancing the rent. In

Compare and Contrast Presentation Outline Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Presentation Outline Essay While spending time thinking about the goal in my life, the only one answer coming up in my mind is to achieve success. But what exactly the word ‘success’ should be defined? Thinking considerably, there are at least two fundamental achievements in life that inspire people. One is to be rich, while another one is to be famous. Though these two words are somehow closely related if you think about the celebrities who are famous and rich at the same time, there are some others who only have high recognition but not rich, such as Mother Teresa who devoted her whole life doing charity for the poor. Therefore, the topic that I am really interested in is about whether to be rich or to be famous is the key word for success. Being famous does not necessary mean bring rich, and vice-versa. Both generally bring satisfaction if brought to one in a positive manner, or in a way he/she intended it to. Because being famous and being rich are both signs leading to success, which in most cases, is the human’s ultimate goal. Being just either rich or famous, other than being a positive thing, could produce highly negative and unwanted end results too. A huge percentage of people are famous as a result of all sorts of negativity, such as criminal acts and negative politics. At the same time, a good part of the world’s drug lords and terrorism-driven groups are fairly rich too. So when does being rich or famous become a good thing? Usually, a combination of being rich and famous, surprisingly, doesn’t do as much harm to coexisting peers, as the former would. Although criminals who fall under lists such as ‘FBI’s Most Wanted’, turn out to be rich and famous, regardless of how they got to where they are. But a bigger portion of the ‘rich and famous’ category are occupied by highly paid movie stars and sportsmen, neither of whom does much harm to the society. What I expect from contrasting their difference is that the readers will realize being famous is the sustainable way to achieve success rather than being rich. In other words, money cannot be used to buy the fame. Though being rich is another sign of success, without being famous, one can be forgotten easily. On the other hand, being famous is eternally recognized by people. Even if they died, the world still praise and remind of their accomplishments. By standing on this opinion, people will not just look forward to making money, but will try themselves on inventing new things, creating beautiful arts, and doing whatever they are interested to become well-known by others and then succeed in their lives. The key word to success should start from being famous and will prove that it is true by giving examples about people who were quite poor but famous and successful in their lives. The contrast presentation will be controlled differently in each slide depending on famous area of those people. As a result, this presentation is worthy to compose because it will be such a good lesson to teach everyone, including myself, to understand the regular basis of being successful in life. Trying to be famous is the first step to achieve sustainable success.

Correlation of Mathematics With Other Subjects

Correlation of Mathematics With Other Subjects â€Å"No subject is ever well understood and no art is intelligently practiced, if the light which the other studies are able to throw upon it is deliberately shut out.† – RAMONT What is correlation? The meaning of term ‘correlation’ in simplest form is â€Å"connect† or â€Å"to be connected†. More precisely, ‘Correlation’ means mutual relation of two or more items/things or Mutual relation of two or more than two items/things. The relation may be inverse or direct. For examle if there are two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’, if there is increase or decrease in one will affect on other. It is really a brainstorming activity which involves lots of efforts to be establishing relationship between school Subjects. In modern scenario, due to the number of innovation of 21st century involves lots of development in the education. These involve meaningful knowledge of the concept. Here child’s mind is an integrated whole, he wants to receive experiences in a fruitful manner. Definition â€Å"Correlation indicates a joint-relationship between two variables.† Lathrop â€Å"Correlation is concerned with describing the degree of relation between variables.† Ferguson â€Å"Correlation is an analysis of co-variation between two or more variables.† A.M. Taule â€Å"Correlation analysis deals with the association between two or more variables.† Simpson Kafka Types of correlation Positive correlation – when an increase in one variable, increases the value of another variable or vice versa. Negative correlation when an increase in one variable, decreases the value of another variable or vice versa. Incidental correlation It is not a planned/pre-decided, no deliberate or a systematic attempt made to correlate it. Teacher plays a leading role. E.g. If any teacher has basic knowledge of concepts/elements of versatile or different subjects, he can easily make correlation between two or more subjects. A teacher cannot establish incidental correlation without having knowledge of different subjects. Systematic correlation – teachers can sit together with his students and how to correlate? While doing systematic correlation, the previous knowledge/content of the student should be related with the current knowledge. To relate the same is called systematic correlation. Here, the student and the teacher have to think about the application of the fact, laws, principles, and correlation of two subjects. After that knowledge becomes interesting. No correlation when there is no mutual relationship between the two variables. It is also known as no linear dependent. Uses of correlation: The aim of education is â€Å"to achieve the all round development of a child†, this cannot be done by teaching only in simple classroom. In correlation, the practical subjects like maths and science plays important role. Where the correlation with concepts is used in learning of students. It makes learning permanent and concrete and knowledge to the learner. It makes the lesson easy and clear for the student. It enhances the mental abilities like problem solving, logical reasoning, imagination, and analytical power of student, because these can easily correlate acquired knowledge with the other subjects. It strengthens the skill, complexity of practical subject and makes mastery over the practical subject. It develops social relationship like human and social qualities in students. For teachers; it helps to complete the curriculum within short period of time and provides time for revision. Knowledge is useful and is maintained so that it can be developed and used in day to day life. Examples of dependent phenomena include the Relation between parents and their offsprings. The correlation between theprice and availabilty of product in the market. The theoretical aspect of anything explains the practical concept. Even a crime is also related to wrong addictions. The negative correlation between age and normal vision. The positive correlation between the incidence of lung cancer and cigarette smoking. Correlation of Mathematics with other disciplines Mathematics is â€Å"Science of all Sciences† and â€Å"Art of all Arts†. After understanding the basic concept of mathematics, students need to correlate the importance and concept of mathematics with other subjects, so as to understand other subjects easily and establishing relationship. Mathematical knowledge plays a crucial role in understanding the contents of other subjects. MATHEMATICS WITH GENERAL SCIENCE: Science without mathematics is totally meaningless, because chemical reactions, scientific theories and detail of elements are only generated/ counted with the help of mathematics. Mathematics is used in most of applications like in work, energy, electricity, motion, gravitation, magnetism etc. MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS: child should have rich knowledge of mathematics to understand physics. Generally final shape to the rules of physics is given by mathematics; it presents these rules in practically workable form. Mathematical calculations occur in every step of physical science. Charle’s law of expansion of gases is based upon mathematical calculations, numerical problems on liquid, pressure,frictional force, laws of motion, gravitation, momentum etc. MATHEMATICS AND CHEMISTRY: Molecular weights of organic compounds are calculated with mathematics. To measure the constituents of mixtures and Chemical compounds. To calculate Empirical or molecular formula. In balancing the chemical equations. In electronic configuration of atom of the element. Charle’s law of expansion of gases is based upon mathematical calculations. MATHEMATICS AND BIOLOGY: Mathematics has very high correlation with biology. The Normal Weight, Caloric value, Rate of Respiration, Nutritive Value of Food, Transpiration, is calculated by Maths. The Growth in Weight of infants’ upto Nine months. To count the number of bones in human being and other different species. To measure blood pressure. To count the number of WBC RBC in different blood groups. To count Sex chromosomes. MATHEMATICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES: After completion of the unit child can read, interpret, and draw the graphs. For example, to compare the Population- students can draw bar graphs, Population Density of various countries, Per Capita Income etc. MATHEMATICS AND GEOGRAPHY: Geographical figures are explained in the terms of numbers only like seasonal conditions, temperature, humidity, degree, measurement of rain etc. the geographical conditions also defines the economy of a rich/poor country. Many countries like India have agricultural based economy due to its climate, rainfall, rivers and weather prediction.etc. Certainly Mathematics is used for constituting the map, Formation of Nights Days, Solar Lunar Eclipse, Longitude Latitude, Maximum and Minimum Temperature, Barometric Pressure, Height above Sea Level, Surveying, Calculation of International, Local and Standard Time, Instruments etc. And here are also many other calculations. Punjab, Haryana and U.P are very fertile states in India, so contribute to grain stores, industries are established there but in these states there are no mines. MATHEMATICS AND HISTORY: in history Mathematics helps in Calculation of Dates like duration of Britishers ruled in India? When Gandhi ji was born? Celebrate National Days and festivals, Cost in building of Taj-Mahal. Tenure of President in India. This gives us new information of the historical world. When the First and second world wars were fought? On account of economic considerations industrial revolution in Europe. MATHEMATICS AND ECONOMICS: Statistical Methods are used to calculate and to know the Volume of Trade, Trend of Import and Exports, Economic Forecasts, Trade Cycles, It helps in calculating various indexes like crop production inflation, etc. All economists, citizens and the businessmans can get the market trends economic conditions. Through currencies market, the Current updates of currency and through stock and commodity market the current updates of the stock and commodity of different countries. Only because of economic reasons certain empires faced liquidation. Similarly, economic events have been influenced or affectd by historical circumstances. In the current scenario the economic condition of India during UPA and NDA. MATHEMATICS AND FINE ARTS: decides size, Ratio and Proportion while constructing the Similarity, Scale appreciation, Balance and Symmetry, Postulates, Drawing images on cloth and paper, Rhythm in Music etc. MATHEMATICS AND LANGUAGE: Math and Reading:- Students read about the discoveries or work of great mathematicians, and they can make poem on numbers. Math and Writing (numbers are converted into writing):- A student makes the pie chart and interprets in his own words. e.g. Counting of alphabet, vowel, Read About The Life History of Mathematicians. Student can draw make a bar graph of time spent in school and home the whole week and can interpret. (Interpretation of Non-Verbal Data) MATHEMATICS WITH AGRICULTURE: Agriculture has close relationship with Maths. Agriculture has correlation with maths like area of crops, which season is suitable for which crop. How much quantity of water may be used in irrigation is also calculated in concern of agriculture by the use of mathematics. Investment, expenditure and saving in sowing specific crop, Division of land, Cost of labour, seed, fertilisers, expenditure in transportation of vegetables to the market, has the use of mathematics. As due to scientific inventions, there is lot of growth of agriculture economy takes place. MATHEMATICS WITH COMMERCE/ACCOUNTS: With the rich knowledge of commerce it is possible to study the economy of the country. Only by the knowledge of mathematics, Debit, Credit process expenditure in accounts of industry, banks firm, etc are determined. The commerce teacher of should try to teachor make understand in such a way that students may relate and explain all specific terms mathematically. MATHEMATICS AND ICT: The ICT is strongly correlated with mathematics. Computer programmes, applications, software and different languages without mathematics are impossible to operate and follow. Students are taught computers only because of knowledge of mathematics. Computer Provides important software for calculation e.g. SPSS software used in the long statistical calculations for research work. Many mathematical packages are used included Logo, dynamic geometry software, graph plotting etc., which are used in the teaching programmes. MATHEMATICS WITH ENGINEERING: without mathematics Engineering is like sea without water. Mathematics has very strong correlation with each and every branch of engineering. Mathematics is used in every branch of engineering like Electronics, Electrical, Mechanical, Architect, Civil, Chemical, Computer etc. To get admission in any engineering stream, student must read Mathematics as a subject upto class 12. MATHEMATICS WITH PSYCHOLOGY: Mathematics has correlation with Psychology for measuring I.Q, S.D, coefficient of correlation, Significance of difference, Measure of central tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode). â€Å"Likert Scale† used in psychology to make questionnaire. Mathematics is used in different modes of psychology like industry, army, social etc. MATHEMATICS WITH ASTRONOMY: Counting of Stars and Planets, No. of moon/satellite of all planets. No. of stars in galaxy. Time taken in revolving at its own orbit. Formation of seasons, Life of star, galaxy etc. And Distance between two planets. MATHEMATICS WITH PHYSICAL EDUCATION: Mathematics is used to measure structure of the body, blood pressure, the height, weight, rules of the games etc. Temperature of the normal human body, Size of playground, norm and standard of game like boot-ball, hockey, cricket, volleyball, tennis, wrestling, boxing etc. One more important espect or field MATHEMATICS WITH INDUSTRY: Mathematics is used in industrial work for example:- weaving, knitting, making furniture, leather work, making paints and fertilisers etc. Mathematical calculations are required to calculate all work and the cost. References http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/correlation.html#ixzz2RmJKiVEA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence http://www.ditutor.com/regression/types_correlation.html PPT by Ms. Namrata Katare Saxena, Asst Prof. PCER, MES Dr. B. Pandya; Teaching of Mathematics (2007), Radha Prakhashan Mandir, Agra S.K. Mangal; Teaching of Mathematics, Tondon Publications, Ludhiana

Active Aggression in Boys and Passive Aggression in Girls Essay

Introduction In understanding moral and ethical development of individuals, we have been exposed to a vast amount of information enlightening us of the complex ways in which both males and females cognitively develop their moral and ethical values. Through this we have learned about the many gender differences in these values, which has raised the question of why males and females branch apart in this development, when the separation occurs, and if it is a result biological differences, or socialization. In studying violence, in particular, the two directions seem to lead further and further apart as most research shows that boys act more physically aggressive than girls. In fact, most books available on youth violence, and even studies done in the past, focus on the male population because that is where it seems to be most prevalent. "†¦Teenage girls are arrested far less frequently for serious violent crime than boys (a ratio of one to eight)" (Siegal & Senna, 1991, 56). Why does this dras tic form of aggression occur to an extreme in young males, and can the same epidemic be forming in young females? To answer this question information has been gathered and a questionnaire formed to assess peoples’ views on gender differences in aggression and what factors contribute to it. Gilligan and Garbarino: Opinions on Violence in Boys The first research that I encountered was James Gilligan’s M.D. book (1996) titled, "VIOLENCE." Gilligan separates the "epidemic" of violence into three areas; "The Pathology of Violence," "The ‘Germ Theory’ of Violence," and "The Epidemology of Violence." His research shows that people act violently as a means to attain, what to them is, justice. Gilligan found that most violent males, on an individua... ...intage Books. Magnarelli, M. (2001, August). Savior vs. snitch. Seventeen Magazine, (219-223). Music Olympus Home (2000). Eminem lyrics: I’m back. Retrieved November 17, 2001 from World Wide Web: http://www.musicolympus.com/eminem/marshall-mathers-lyrics.htm#i Paucke, B. (2001, August). Put the gun down. Seventeen Magazine, (138-141). Siegal, L. J., & Senna, J. J. (1991). Juvenile delinquency: Theory, practice, & law (4th ed.). St. Paul: West Publishing. Weiler, J. (1999). An overview of research on girls and violence. Choices Briefs. Retrieved November 17, 2001 from the Institute for Urban and Minority Education, Teachers College: http://iume.tc.Columbia.edu/choices/briefs/choices01.html Weiler, J. (1999). Girls and violence. Eric digest number 143. Retrieved November 17, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed430069.html

Marxism: Different Stages of History

Dialectic AnalysisThe basic premise of dialectical analysis is the theory in which society is treated as a historically evolving and systemically interrelated whole, has had a profound impact on political science, economics and sociology. This dialectical method, which seeks to uncover the full context of historically specific social interactions in any given system, is used by Marx as a tool for understanding class relationships under capitalism, and as a means for altering such structures fundamentally.   Uniting theory and practice, Marx declared in his ‘Theses on Feuerbach’:The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it’[1].Dialectical materialism is essentially characterized by the belief that history is the product of class struggle and obeys the general Hegelian principle of philosophy of history that is the development of the thesis into its antithesis.[2]Basic Premise of Materialistic TheoryThe materialist th eory of history starts from the proposition that human beings are creatures of need, and hence that the material side of human life, physical needs and economic action to satisfy them is primary and basic. Historians and social philosophers until then had focused on the actions of states and rulers only and had not considered   the importance of economic developments.According to Marx, every society is composed of certain forces of production (tools, machinery and labour to operate them) with which are associated particular social relations of production (property relations, division of labour). These together constitute the material `base' of society, upon which arises a `superstructure' of political and legal institutions, and ideological forms to include art, religion and philosophy. He further added:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social beings which determines their consciousness†[3].The development of productive forcesThe development of the human race from crude stone tools to the bow and arrow, and the subsequent improvement from the life of hunters to the domestication of animals and primitive pasturage; the transition from stone tools to metal tools resulting in a corresponding transition to tillage and agriculture; a further improvement in metal tools, the introduction of the blacksmith's bellows, the introduction of pottery, with a corresponding development of handicrafts, the separation of handicrafts from agriculture, the development of an independent handicraft industry and, subsequently, of manufacture; the transition from handicraft tools to machines and the transformation of handicraft and manufacture into machine industry; the transition to the machine system and the rise of modern large-scale machine industry   are all the characteristic stages of development   of the productive forces of society in the course of man's history.This development and improvement of the instruments of production had been effected by men who were related to production, and not independently of men; and, consequently, the change and development of the instruments of production was accompanied by a change and development of men, as the most important element of the productive forces, by a change and development of their production experience, their labor skill, their ability to handle the instruments of production. In conformity with the change and development of the productive forces of society in the course of history and   men's relations of production, their economic relations also changed and developed.Phases of Materialistic HistoryAt any given historical period the relations of production provide the social framework for economic development. The developing forces of production give rise to increasing conflict with the existing relations of production and these conflicts are reflected as class struggles. `From forms of development of the productive for ces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an epoch of social revolution' in which social relations and `the entire immense superstructure' is transformed.[4]Accordingly, Marx concluded that all nations go through five economic stages: primitive, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and socialism.Primitive PhaseThe basic tenet of production in the primitive phase of human history is that the means of production are community owned which is consistent with the character of the productive forces of that period. Primitive tools and weapons like stone tools and the bow and arrow had limited efficacy and lethality, a major factor which precluded the possibility of men individually combating the forces of nature and beasts of prey. In order to fulfill the routine activities like gathering fruits from the forest, catch fish or game, or to build any form of inhabitation, men were obliged to work in communities or groups to obviate the possibility of death due to starvation, or fall victims of beast of prey or be killed by rival groups.Community form of labour and work led to a community based consumption of the produced yield. At this stage the concept of individual ownership of the means of production did not yet exist, except for the personal ownership of certain implements of production which were at the same time means of defense against beasts of prey. Hence, there was neither exploitation, nor any class structure in place.Slave PhaseThe primitive phase was followed by the Slave Stage which is based on the theory that under this system, the slave-owner owns the means of production and the workers in the production chain. Such relations of production correspond to the state of the productive forces of that period. In this stage, the slave owner has all the rights over the slave- whom he can sell, purchase, or kill as though he were an animal. During the slave stage, the primitive stone tools and   Ã‚  primitive husbandry have been replaced by metal tool s and pasturage tillage respectively .The primitive man who till now was in the possession of the most basic tools   now possessed the means to conduct farming , handicrafts and tillage, and a division of labor between these branches of production. There appears the possibility of the exchange of products between individuals and between societies, of the accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few, the actual accumulation of the means of production in the hands of a minority, and the possibility of subjugation of the majority by a minority and the conversion of the majority into slaves.At this stage, the common and free labor of all members of society in the production process is replaced by the forced labor of slaves, who are exploited by the non-laboring slave-owners. The main aspects of this stage is the appearance of the slave owner(the prime and principal property owner), the increasing existence of the rich and poor, exploiters and exploited, people with full rights and peo ple with no rights, and the beginning of a   fierce class struggle between them.Feudal StageThe basis of the relations of production under the feudal system is that the feudal lord owns the means of production and does not fully own the worker in production. This implies that the worker of the slave stage has progressed and he can no longer be owned, bought or sold by the slave owner. Alongside of feudal ownership there exists individual ownership by the peasant and the handicraftsman of his implements of production and his private enterprise based on his personal labor[5].Such relations of production correspond to the state of the productive forces of that period. Further improvements in the smelting and working of iron; the spread of the iron plow and the loom; the further development of agriculture, horticulture, viniculture and dairying; the appearance of manufactories alongside of the handicraft workshops; have all led to enhanced importance of the worker who is now a skilled artisan. The new productive forces demand that the laborer/worker/artisan shall display some kind of initiative and inclination in production and for work.The feudal lord therefore discards the slave, as a laborer who has no interest in work and is entirely without initiative, and prefers to deal with the serf (artisan), who has his own husbandry, implements of production, and a certain interest in work essential for the cultivation of the land and for the payment in kind of a part of his harvest to the feudal lord.In this stage, private ownership is further developed and the affects of exploitation is slightly mitigated. A class struggle between exploiters and exploited is the principal feature of the feudal system.Capitalist StageThe basis of the relations of production under the capitalist system is that the capitalist owns the means of production, but not the workers in production[6] – the wage laborers, whom the capitalist can neither kill nor sell because they are pers onally free, but who are deprived of means of production and in order not to die of hunger, are obliged to sell their labor power to the capitalist.Due to the rapid strides in the technological and the industrial aspects, there is an increased importance of the technologically intensive means of production like the factories, mills and the huge capitalist farms run on scientific lines and supplied with agricultural machinery. This rapid change in the means of production has an adverse impact on the workers.The private property of the peasants and handicraftsmen in the means of production being based on personal labor is rendered insignificant and they have to submit their labour to the owners of the means of production. The new productive forces require that the workers in production shall be better educated and more intelligent in comparison to the earlier workers, in the sense that they understand machinery and operate it properly. Therefore, the capitalists prefer to deal with wa ge-workers, who are free from the bonds of serfdom and who are educated enough to be able properly to operate machinery.Transition to CommunismThe division of society into classes gives rise to political, ethical, philosophical, and religious views of the world, views which express existing class relations and tend either to consolidate or to undermine the power and authority of the dominant class. Marx clarifies it further:â€Å"The ideas of the ruling class are, in every age, the ruling ideas: i.e., the class which is the dominant material force in society is at the same time its dominant intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production.†[7]However, oppressed classes, although hampered by the ideological dominance of oppressors, generate counter-ideologies to combat them. In revolutionary or pre-Revolutionary periods it even happens that certain representatives of the d ominant class shift allegiance. New social relationships begin to develop within older social structures and result from contradictions and tensions within that structure at the same time as they exacerbate them.For example, new modes of production slowly emerged within late feudal society and allowed the bourgeoisie, which controlled these new modes of production, effectively to challenge the hold of the classes that had dominated the feudal order. As the bourgeois mode of production gained sufficient specific weight, it undermined the feudal relations in which it first made its appearance. â€Å"The economic structure of capitalist society has grown out of the economic structure of feudal society.The dissolution of the latter sets free the elements of the former.†[8] Similarly, the capitalist mode of production brings into being a proletarian class of factory workers. As these men acquire class consciousness, they discover their fundamental antagonism to the bourgeois class and band together to overthrow a regime to which they owe their existence. â€Å"The proletariat carries out the sentence which private property, by creating the proletariat, passes upon itself.†[9]  the process of industrialization concentrates working people in factories and cities, hence the working class develops from being an unorganized and unconscious mass through its struggle with the bourgeoisie to being an organized and conscious political force, a force which is ultimately destined to be the `gravedigger' of capitalism and to inaugurate a new mode of production: socialism[10]SocialismThe conquest of political power by the working class will lead to the creation of a socialist state in which the working class is the ruling class and which functions in the interests of the working class. In this way the `dictatorship of the proletariat' will replace the `dictatorship of the bourgeoisie'. Its main purpose is to abolish the private ownership of the means of producti on, and hence the social and economic basis of class divisions. As the   material basis of class divisions is dissolved, class differences will gradually disappear, and with them the need for the state as an instrument of class rule and as a distinct coercive force. In the higher stage of full communism, the state is destined ultimately to `wither away'[11], as Engels puts it, and `the government of people will be replaced by the administration of things'[12]ConclusionDuring the present century, history itself seems to have provided a remarkable confirmation of the main outlines of Marx's thought. At one stage in modern history, the prediction that capitalism is destined to be restricted to a particular and limited historical stage which will be superseded seemed to be justified by the succession of revolutions which removed a large part of the world from its grip. The collapse of the regimes of Soviet and Eastern European communism in 1989, however, has proved that Marxism is now dead and that its prediction of a historical stage beyond capitalism is an illusion. Nevertheless, it remains the most comprehensive and powerful theory for understanding and explaining the capitalist world.[1] Marx, Karl (1845) Theses on Feuerbach, in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, New York: International Publishers, 1968, pp. 28–30.[2] Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, [1847a], London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1955, chapter II [3] Marx, Karl A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy(1859),PP 389.                                                                            [4] Ibid 389-90[5] G.A. Cohen, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978,pp65                        [6] Ibid [7] Marx Karl, Selected Writings, ed. D. McLellan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977 [8] Ibid[9] Ibid [10]Marx and Engels The Communist Manifesto [1848], Selected Works, V olume 1, Moscow: : Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962 [11] V.I. Lenin, State and Revolution, in Selected Works in Three Volumes, Volume 2, Moscow: Progress Publishers, revised edn 1975,10-14                                                                                                                                                                                  [12] Capital, 3 Volumes [1867, 1885, 1894], London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1961-71

Radio Frequency Identification automated Technology

Radio Frequency Identification automated TechnologyIntroductionRFID or Radio Frequency Identification is a contactless automated engineering that makes the usage of wireless moving ridges to place physical objects. It is grouped under the wide class of automatic designation engineerings which besides include saloon codifications, optical character readers and some biometric engineerings, such as retinal scans. All these engineerings are used to cut down the sum of clip and labour needed to input informations manually and to better informations truth. While some of the auto-ID engineerings, like saloon codification systems, frequently require a individual to manually scan a label or ticket, RFID captures informations on tickets and transmits it to a computing machine system without necessitating a individual to be involved. The RFID [ 1 ] system consists of a ticket which is made up of a micro chip with a coiled aerial fixed to an object and a reader or inquisitor with an aerial. The micro chip in the ticket has an integrated circuit for hive awaying and treating information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency signal. The bit can hive away every bit much as 2 Ks of informations. The intent of aerial is to have and convey the signal. The reader is needed to recover the informations stored on RFID ticket. It has one or more aerials that emit wireless moving ridges and receive signals back from the ticket. This information is so passed in digital signifier to a computing machine system by the reader. There are three types of RFID Tags- active, inactive or semi-passive. While active RFID ticket usage a battery to power the micro chip ‘s circuitry and broadcast signals to the reader, inactive tickets are powered by the electromagnetic moving ridges sent out by the reader. The 3rd type i.e. semi-passive utilizations both their ain batteries and moving ridges from the reader. Since active and semi-passive tickets are more expensive, they are typically used for higher-value goods that are scanned over longer distances. Though several companies have been utilizing RFID [ 2 ] for more than a decennary, its cost had limited its usage in the yesteryear. For many applications, such as tracking parts for just-in-time fabrication, companies could warrant the cost of tags- a dollar or more per tag- by the nest eggs an RFID system generates. Besides when RFID was used to track assets or reclaimable containers within the company ‘s ain premises, the tickets could be reused doing it cost effectual. But the high cost prevented its big graduated table usage in unfastened supply ironss for tracking goods. In these instances, RFID tickets are put on instances and palettes of merchandises by one company and read by another, due to which they ca n't be reused. However, in recent times due to be efficient production, RFID has started to be used in Retail industry to extinguish long client charge waiting lines, aircraft industry for luggage direction and so on.HistoryRFID Technology has been around for a long c lip about from the early decennaries of the 18th century – its beginning can be approximately traced to around 1920. It was developed in MIT [ 3 ] as a agency of communicating between automatons. The popular predecessors of RFID could be argued to the following two cases:  § Radio frequence was used for designation intents in the IFF transponder installed in aircraft. The IFF [ 4 ] significance Identification, Friend or Foe – was used to place if the winging aircraft was a friend or a enemy. This application was used in World War II by the British to separate between returning flights as enemy occupied the district which was less than 25 stat mis off. This engineering is used boulder clay day of the month in commercial aircraft.  § In 1945, Leon Theremin, created an espionage tool for the Soviet Union. Though this innovation carried no ticket as in RFID, it retransmitted radio frequence with audio information. In 1948, a paper by Harry Stockman titled â€Å" Communication by Means of Reflected Power † ( Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196-1204, October 1948 ) explored the use of RFID. Stockman predicted that â€Å" †¦ considerable research and development work has to be done before the staying basic jobs in reflected-power communicating are solved, and before the field of utile applications is explored.† [ 5 ] With Uranium and atomic engineering deriving importance in the 1960ss, the deathly nature of Uranium led to safety concerns. So employees and equipments were tagged to extenuate such concerns and RFID came into image therefore. This was done in Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ) on the petition of Energy section of U.S. Government. Transponders were installed in trucks and readers at the Gatess. The gate aerial would wake up the transponder in the truck, which would react with an ID and potentially other informations, such as the driver ‘s ID. In the 1950ss and 1960ss, RF engineering was researched extensively. Scientists from assorted states demonstrated how distant objects could be identified. This was used in electronic surveillance – this is in usage even today. Objects carry a 1-bit ticket which is turned on or off depending on whether the client has paid or non. The first patent to RFID engineering as used today was registered in 1973 by Mario Cardullo ‘s. Detailss of the patent are as follows: U.S. Patent 3,713,148 on January 23, 1973. The patented merchandise was a inactive wireless transponder with memory, powered by the interrogating signal. It was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port. It consisted of a transponder with 16 spot memory for usage as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the usage of RF, sound and visible radiation as transmittal media. The ticket used had rewritable memory. In 1973, Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ) demonstrated the usage of inactive and semi-passive RFID ticket. Around 1977, the engineering was leveraged for civilian intents from LANL – the transferred to two companies – Amtech in New Mexico and Identronix Research in Santa Cruz, California. Therefore, assorted utilizations started acquiring explored. One of the few experiments carried out was put ining a RFID transponder in a diary cow to supervise ID and temperature. This would assist in analyzing the cow ‘s wellness and prevent overfeeding. Railwaies shifted to RFID after unsuccessful use of Bar codification to maintain path of turn overing stock. By the 1880ss, use of RFID shifted to treat betterment. Cost decrease & A ; size decrease were certain illustrations. Over old ages, these devices were commercialized and companies moved to higher frequence range- which offered faster transportation rates. Today, 13.56 MHz RFID systems are used for entree control, payment system and smart cards. In the early 1990s, applied scientists from IBM patented an ultra-high frequence RFID system. UHF offered longer read scope and faster informations transportation. Wide graduated table axial rotation out was initiated by the Army forces – the largest deployment of active RFID was seen in the US Department of Defense. They use active tickets on more than a million transportation containers that travel outside the state.HOW THE TECHNOLOGY WORKSComponents and ProcedureThe basic RFID engineering makes usage of the undermentioned constituents [ 6 ] : 1. Active tags – Active tickets require a power beginning. They are either connected to a powered substructure or utilize energy stored in an incorporate battery. 2. Passive tags – The life-time of a inactive ticket is limited by the stored energy, balanced against the figure of read operations the device must undergo. Passive RFID is of involvement because the tickets do n't necessitate batteries or care. The ticket besides have an indefinite operational life and are little plenty to suit into a practical adhesive label. 3. Tag reader * The ticket reader is responsible for powering and pass oning with a ticket * The reader emits wireless moving ridges in scopes of anyplace from one inch to 100 pess or more, depending upon its power end product and the wireless frequence used. * When an RFID ticket base on ballss through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader ‘s activation signal. * The reader besides decodes the information encoded in the ticket ‘s integrated circuit ( silicon bit ) and the information is passed to the host computing machine for processing. 4. Tag Antenna * The aerial emits wireless signals to trip the ticket and to read and compose informations to it. * It captures energy and transportations the ticket ‘s ID. * The encapsulation maintains the ticket ‘s unity and protects the aerial and bit from environmental conditions or reagents. The encapsulation could be a little glass phial or a laminal plastic substrate with adhesive on one side to enable easy fond regard to goods.RFID V BarcodeBarcode RFID RFID Benefit Example Line of sight Required Not Required No demand to orientate scanned points Number of points that can be scanned One Multiple Very fast stock list count Automation and Accuracy Multiple read mistakes and prone to lose floging Fully automated and extremely accurate Error free stock list count Designation Merely series or type Unique point degree Targeted callback Data Storage Merely a meaningless codification Upto several kilobits Real clip informations entree in any locationRFID StandardsWhen an administration trades globally and intends utilizing RFID systems across national boundaries, criterions and ordinances are more of import to guarantee safety and the interoperability of tickets and readers between merchandising spouses. Where an orgainisation wants to run a ‘closed-loop ‘ system which is entirely intended for internal usage within the one administration – so it is comparatively easy to choose and optimize a system for those specific internal demands. RFID is non regulated by one trade organic structure – nevertheless it is in fact influenced by a figure of official organic structures for different facets. Frequencies, power degrees and operating rhythms are regulated in Europe by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) and in the UK by OFCOM. Protocols for communicating between tickets and readers are proposed by a figure organic structures and equipment makers. An administration that is new to the topic of RFID frequently believes that there is one criterion engineering called ‘RFID ‘ when in fact there are assorted frequences, criterions, power degrees, protocols, ticket types and architectures with differing operational and public presentation features.Advantage · ?Line of sight? [ 7 ] is non required to read a RFID ticket as against a barcode. RFID tagged points can be read even if they are behind other points. There is no demand for physical contact between the informations bearer and the communicating device.  · Because line-of-sight is non required to read RFID tickets, stock list can be performed in a extremely efficient method. For illustration, palettes in a warehouse can be read, inventoried, and their location can be determined no affair where the ticket is placed on the palette. This is because the wireless waves from the reader are strong plenty for the ticket to react regardless of location.  · Line of sight demands besides limit theruggedness of barcodesas good as thereusability of barcodes. ( Since line of sight is required for barcodes, the printed barcode must be exposed on the exterior of the merchandise, where it is capable to greater wear and rupture. ) RFID tickets can besides be implanted within the merchandise itself, vouching greater huskiness and reusability.  · The readability of barcodes can be impaired by soil, wet, scratch, or packaging contours. RFID tickets are non affected by those conditions.  · RFID tickets are really simple to install/inject inside the organic structure of animate beings, therefore assisting to maintain a path on them. This is utile in carnal farming and on domestic fowl farms. The installed RFID tickets give information about the age, inoculations and wellness of the animate beings.  · Barcode [ 8 ] scannershave repeatedly failed in supplying security to gems and jewelries in stores. But presents, RFID tickets are placed inside jewelry points and an dismay is installed at the issue doors.  · Barcodes have no read/write capableness ; that is, you can non add to the information written on a printed barcode. RFID ticket, nevertheless, can be read/write devices ; the RFID reader can pass on with the ticket, and alter as much of the information as the ticket design will let. The RFID tickets can hive away informations up to 2 KB whereas ; the saloon codification has the ability to read merely 10-12 figures.  · An RFID ticket could place the point ( non merely its maker and class ) . Bar codes merely supply a maker and merchandise type. They do n't place alone points.  · RFID engineering is better than saloon codifications as it can non be easy replicated and hence, it increases the security of the merchandise.  · Human intercession is required to scan a barcode, whereas in most applications an RFID ticket can be detected ?hands off.?  · RFID engineering is a labor-saving engineering. This translates to be nest eggs. Using saloon codification engineering costs, on norm, 7 cents in human labour to scan a saloon codification. In add-on, labour is required to set each label right on each plastic crate holder or panel. Add a cost for label alterations and replacings for â€Å" non clear † codifications. And add another for administrative costs for labels that are n't read decently, which causes stock list mistakes and non-compliant returns and punishments.  · Tags are available in a great scope of types, sizes and stuffs  · [ 9 ] Relatively low care cost  · Highly low mistake rateDisadvantage · Dead countries and orientation problems- RFID works similar to the manner a cell phone or radio web does. Like these engineerings, there may be certain countries that have weaker signals or intervention. In add-on, hapless read rates are sometimes a job when the ticket is rotated into an orientation that does non aline good with the reader. These issues are normally minimized by proper execution of multiple readers and usage of tickets with multiple axis aerial.  · Since RFID systems make usage of the electromagnetic spectrum ( like WiFi webs or cellular telephones ) , they are comparatively easy to throng utilizing energy at the right frequence. This could be black in environments like infirmaries or in the armed forces in the field. Besides, active RFID ticket ( those that use a battery to increase the scope of the system ) can be repeatedly interrogated to have on the battery down, thereby interrupting the system.  · Interference [ 10 ] has been observed if devices such as forklifts and walky-talkies are in the locality of the distribution centres. The presence of nomadic phone towers has been found to interfere with RFID wireless moving ridges. Wal-Mart, the retail sector giant, has installed one million millions of RFID tickets in their merchandises throughout the universe and they have encountered such jobs.  · Security concerns- Because RFID is non a line-of-sight engineering like bar-coding, new security issues could develop. For illustration, a rival could put up a high-gain directional aerial to scan tickets in trucks traveling to a warehouse. From the informations received, this rival could find flow rates of assorted merchandises. Additionally, when RFID is used for high-security operations such as payment methods, fraud is ever a possibility.  · Ghost tickets [ 11 ] – In rare instances, if multiple tickets are read at the same clip the reader will sometimes read a ticket that does non be. Therefore, some type of read confirmation, such as a CRC, should be implemented in either the ticket, the reader or the informations read from the ticket.  · Proximity issues [ 12 ] – RFID tickets can non be read good when placed on metal or liquid objects or when these objects are between the reader and the ticket. About any object that is between the reader and the ticket reduces the distance the ticket can be read from.  · High cost- Because this engineering is still new, the constituents and tickets are expensive compared to barcodes. In add-on, package and support forces needed to put in and run the RFID reading systems ( in a warehouse for illustration ) may be more dearly-won to use.  · Unread tags- When reading multiple tickets at the same clip, it is possible that some tickets will non be read and there is no certain method of finding this when the objects are non in sight. This job does non happen with barcodes, because when the barcode is scanned, it is immediately verified when read by a bleep from the scanner and the informations can so be entered manually if it does non scan.  · Vulnerable to damage- Water, inactive discharge or high-octane magnetic rushs ( such as lightning work stoppage ) may damage the ticket.  · Global Standards: RFID has been implemented in different ways by different makers. There still does non be a individual planetary criterion.  · Consumers may besides hold jobs with RFID criterions. For illustration, ExxonMobil ‘s SpeedPass system is a proprietary RFID system. If another company wanted to utilize the convenient SpeedPass they would hold to pay to entree it. On the other manus, if every company had their ain â€Å" SpeedPass † system, a consumer would necessitate to transport many different devices with them.ApplicationsWAL-MART ( RETAIL )Retail is one country where RFID has been used extensively. It helps in cut downing cost, increasing gross and leads to increased client satisfaction. Increased and accurate information leads to lesser stock list and stock list cost as a consequence goes down. Other than electronic surveillance, stock list trailing, RFID is used for Brand hallmark as good which guarantee that inexpensive replacements are non sold to clients therefore guaranting client satisfactions. Another application of RFID in retail sector is Promotional show deployment. This was a alter nate to analyzing selling impact. Asset tracking applications were besides possible through RFID in retail sector. It is used in the undermentioned applications: In-store stock list Management: Physical stock list is clip devouring – using RFID to take stock of stock list reduces clip taken by physical stock pickings by 90 % . This is more accurate and stock pickings can be done several times a twenty-four hours. Therefore, cost is greatly reduced.Brand Authentication:This is used to look into counterfeiting of high-value cosmetics, electronics, dress and pharmaceuticals. This helps in protecting trade name unity by avoiding inexpensive extras. It enhances client satisfaction by guaranting quality and retaining assurance.Asset Trailing:This is used to happen lost assets and path assets – this would assist in more efficient use of assets. This would take to back uping concern processed with lesser figure of assets.Inventory Visibility in the Supply Chain:The prompt stock list tracking prevents stock outs and loss of client satisfaction. This provides sellers with real-time visibleness of stock list in the supply concatenation, bettering prognosis truth and muff ling the stock list whipsaw consequence. [ 13 ]Case survey of WAL-MARTWal-Mart and U.S. Department of Defence are the chief drivers of RFID engineering. Wal-Mart could drive this engineering to about everyone who did concern with them due to immense graduated table of operations and really high bargaining power. The retail concatenation gave a deadline to all its providers to go RFID enabled by 2005. The quiver of this move was seen in India and package companies in India gained from this move as they got a batch of undertakings. RFID do n't look to be as popular in India because RFID can last in organized retail sector and unorganized retail seems the order of the twenty-four hours in this state.How RFID helped:Wal-Mart implemented RFID in 2005 ab initio in seven shops.â€Å"The company has installed RFID readers at the having docks at the dorsum of the edifice, near the rubbish compactors and between the back room and the retail floor. For the instances of goods that are shipped to the shops with RFID tickets, Wal-Mart records their reaching by reading the ticket on each instance and so reads the tickets once more before the instances are brought out to the gross revenues floor. By utilizing gross revenues informations from its bing point-of-sales system, which is non utilizing RFID, Wal-Mart subtracts the figure of instances of a peculiar point that are sold to clients from the figure of instances brought out to the gross revenues floor. Software proctors which points will shortly be depleted from the shelves. It automatically generates a list of points that need to be picked from the back room in order to refill the shop shelves. By reading the tickets on the instances that are brought out from the back room, we ‘re able to see what points have really been replenished [ 14 ] † says Langford, caput RFID engineering Wal-Mart Supply concatenation is besides expeditiously managed with RFID engineering – Once the client picks the information, the provider is informed about the purchase. This helps cut down BULLWHIP EFFECT. This is achieved through Wal-Mart ‘s Retail Link extranet. Retail employs immense work force in In-Store Receiving, Stocking, look into out and taking stock list. This can be freed with employment of RFID. It would cut down cases of Fraud, stock-outs. It improves supplier-retailer relationship, client service & A ; plus direction – â€Å"The right merchandises are available at the right shops at the right time†WESTERN STAR TRUCKS ( FREIGHTLINER )Freightliner-Western Star Trucks is the taking heavy-duty truck maker headquartered in Portland, USA. The production installations span across united States, which produce a broad scope of heavy responsibility building and public-service corporation trucks, long haul main road tractors, mid scope trucks for distribution and service, and exigency service setup and recreational hauliers.Problems faced [ 15 ] :Freightliner was confronting jobs in footings of increasing costs. It therefore wanted to better efficiency and truth of its resources managing in order to better control fabrication costs. It wanted to follow the motion of assorted parts right from stock list to the mill floor in Portland works. It wanted to accomplish a trailing system that has the undermentioned characteristics: * It should be automatic, so that labor costs associated with stock list handling and trailing could be reduced * It has to be accurate and efficient, so that expensive holds caused by misdirected and erroneous parts managing could be eliminated * It should be easy integrable with bing plus direction databases, in order to farther streamline stock list refilling and resource direction * It should be scalable in order to enable enterprise-wide extension after it is proven in Portland Integration of the bing procedures into the new system was their major job. This called for parts needed on the production line to be put into stock list carryalls, placed on nomadic jerks and so transferred onto the store floor. The empty carryalls were so returned to the warehouse. The Portland installation used about 750 carryalls of different sizes.How RFID helped [ 16 ] :RFID was implemented to work out the above job. RFID tickets were attached to the jerks. The tickets were encoded with the GRAI format that is intended for assignment to single objects and is the corporate criterion for tote designation. The new system identified each carryall and jerk with RFID tickets. Tote and tug motion was so tracked as each passed through one of the two dock door portals equipped with RFID readers and aerials. A dealing reception was so automatically generated and sent to the database on the corporate waiter. The reception inside informations the location, day of the month and clip the dealing occurred, every bit good as the carryall and tug information. The complete parts tracking solution delivered the needful efficiency, truth and ability to pare labour costs. This solution instantly paid off. It reduced labour costs significantly. Inventory pick mistakes reduced in figure and, mis-ships and production lines started having seasonably and right parts.LOCKHEED MARTIN ( DEFENSE ) [ 17 ]Problems faced:Most naval forcess in the US antecedently employed some type of a decoy-launching system, which had been available for many decennaries. The ALEX ( Automated Launch of Expendables ) systems were designed to counter inward enemy anti-ship missiles. When it determined that an anti-ship missile is headed its manner, based on cues from shipboard detectors, the steerers were fired consequently. Decoys deploy stuff such as chaff—aluminum-coated strands of glass or other stuff that emit infrared waves—thus making false marks to confound or counter nearing ASMs, and deviate them from their intended mark. One job naval forcess faced is how to guarantee the right steerer is fired to counter a particular missile menace under conflict condition s. Because there are many types of steerer cartridges, all of a similar size and form, there is a possible for errors being made during the procedure of lading a launcher. Typically, the crew of the combat information centre ( CIC ) room relied on informations provided on paper, or over a voice nexus with the steerer lading crew.How RFID helped:The RFID engineering offered ship ‘s forces real-time visibleness into which types of steerers were deployed, every bit good as which barrels they were installed in, and helped guarantee that the proper unit of ammunition is fired off, potentially in a split-second determination, while the vas is under onslaught. The RFID-enabled automatic round-identification system ( ARID ) had been successful with the naval forcess of some states, motivating Lockheed Martin to supply the same characteristic to all of its clients throughout the universe. Mounted onboard the naval forces ‘s battler vass, the steerer launchers, provided by Lockhee d Martin, were outfitted with RFID readers, and decoy cartridges were fitted with RFID tickets. Each Lockheed Martin steerer launcher ( typically two, four or six launchers per battler, depending on ship size ) had a set of six tubings, leting 12, 24 or 36 steerers per ship to be loaded and fired. Each launcher contained a low-frequency RFID reader with six channel options for redundancy. The reader was wired to six aerials, one at the base of each barrel. Naval forces attach a little discoid ticket, compliant with the ISO 11784/5 criterions and encoded with a alone ID figure, to the underside of each steerer cartridge. Sailors could so utilize a handheld inquisitor to read the ticket ‘s ID figure and associate it to the type of steerer to which that ticket is attached. When the tagged cartridge is loaded in the launch barrel, the reader identifies the ticket ‘s alone ID figure and transmits that information to the ALEX system. â€Å"To guarantee the RFID system would run decently in the strict environment of a vas at sea, Lockheed Martin put the system through heavy testing† , Porter ( Chief Engineer ) says. â€Å"This included quiver, daze, temperature and wet exposure, every bit good as proving for electromagnetic intervention ( EMI ) with other systems on a ship. The maritime environment is really rugged, so the testing had to be rather strict, † he adds.MUNICH AIRPORT ( AEROSPACE ) [ 18 ]picture_rfid_technology.jpgMunich Airport, the 7th busiest in Europe, served more than 15 million riders and moved more than 100,000 metric dozenss of cargo in the first half of 2009. In July 2009, the airdrome began a trial utilizing Aero Scout ‘s T6 GPS-enabled Wi-Fi active RFID ticket to track cargo dollies, and to incorporate that information into its airdrome procedure direction ( APM ) package. The end was to enable directors to turn up dollies immediately, and to cognize instantly which were available for usage. After acquiring positive consequences from a current pilot undertaking using radio frequence designation to track lading and rider luggage dollies as they move about its outdoor incline, apron and gate countries, Munich Airport has decided to go on utilizing the engineering after the pilot ends in December 2009. The trial showed that tracking cargo dollies prevents holds or breaks due to mislay or lost dollies, improves plus management—by enabling the airdrome to be after in progress for the dollies ‘ usage, every bit good as brand sure they are in the right topographic point at the clip they are needed—and optimizes stock list and care procedures by extinguishing drawn-out hunts for dollies that need to be repaired or inspected due to regulative demands. In add-on, the airdrome will besides be able to bear down lading companies more accurately, based on their usage of rented dollies. As portion of its trial, the airdrome outfitted about 80 freight dollies with RFID tickets. In add-on, it attached tickets to 10 dollies for LD-2 containers, which are used to hive away up to 120 three-dimensional pess of lading, and to two luggage dollies. The tickets were attached to a dolly ‘s frame or to the enlistment used to link one dolly to another.The battery-operated tickets include GPS faculties for finding a dolly ‘s location out-of-doorss. This GPS information is transferred to the cardinal database by the airdrome ‘s bing Wi-Fi web, which covers 15 million square metres of the installation, including the terminuss, aprons, Gatess, hangers and track borders. If a dolly is inside the installation, its ticket detects this, and the system switches manners to cipher the plus ‘s location, based on the specific Wi-Fi entree points that receive the ticket ‘s signal.SOUTHEASTERN CONTAINER ( MANUFACTURING ) [ 19 ]Southeast Container was formed in 1982 as a in private owned company under the ownership of a group of Coca-Cola ® Bottling companies. Today the company operates as a fabricating cooperative with 10 fabricating locations bring forthing plastic bottles. Southeast Container handles about 70 per centum of the bottle production for Coca-Cola in the U.S. and besides works with bottle makers outside of the cooperative. The company keeps quality and service high with a focal point on uninterrupted betterment.Problems faced:With roots in the southeasterly U.S. , Southeastern Container now has ten fabricating installations across the East Coast, Illinois and Wisconsin. At the company ‘s three injection modeling installations, bottle spaces called preforms are manufactured. The plastic preforms are blown into bottles at Southeastern Container ‘s blow-molding installations and at bottle makers outside of the cooperative. The preforms are shipped to bottle fabrication workss in composition board containers or bing plastic bins. Ideally, these containers are returned empty to the injection modeling installations to reiterate the rhythm. However, jobs with this return procedure were bing Southeastern Container 1000s of dollars each twelvemonth. Some containers are lost or damaged in theodolite and must be replaced. In add-on, the design of the bing containers prohibits Southeastern Container from maximising the capacity of transporting dawdlers, ensuing in the company paying to transport â€Å"air† for each burden. Finally, composition board containers are frequently pre-assembled to salvage clip, and the to the full assembled containers take up warehouse floor infinite. In the procedure of transporting one million millions of preforms, these issues add up.How RFID helped:Southeast Container planned to turn to these jobs by replacing the bing containers with a new version— a specialised returnable plastic bin. While the new folding bins were designed to significantly cut down costs and increase efficiency, each of them is about 10 times the cost of a composition board container. Therefore, rhythm numeration was introduced to track bin life-times against the figure of rhythms guaranteed by the maker. â€Å"We decided to rhythm count for stock list control, traceability, and to formalize bin life-time, and we chose RFID tracking as the most effectual method, † said John Underwood, Engineering Manager, Southeastern Container, Inc. â€Å"We already use barcoding extensively, and have looked at RFID on a figure of occasions during the old ages. RFID was the right pick now because it ‘s low-cost and the engineering is at a point where it can supply the dependability and truth we need, † he explained. Southeast Container worked with its spouse, Decision Point systems, to architect an full end-to-end solution to undertake this challenge. The system execution started with a pilot RFID system for rhythm numbering the new bins. The solution includes Motorola fixed RFID readers, Motorola RFID aerial, Motorola RFID rugged hand-held readers, and OAT Systems ‘ Oat Asset Track package. In add-on, Southeastern Container relies on the Motorola Service from the Start plan for fix coverage for its Motorola RFID handheld readers. â€Å"We worked really difficult to analyse the RFID ticket choice with the Motorola devices to maximise successful reads for both full and empty bins, † said Gary Lemay Senior Solutions Architect for Decision Point systems. â€Å"We besides had great success custom-making the Oat Systems package to update both the SQL Server database and supply a web service connexion to Southeastern Container ‘s warehouse system.† The pilot at one injection-molding installation was really successful, and Southeastern Container is continuing with a phased rollout across its operations. When the system was to the full deployed, each of the about 30,000 bins were for good identified with an RFID ticket and tracked utilizing Motorola XR440 fixed RFID readers. In add-on to utilizing the handheld RFID reader at Southeastern Container, the company besides supplies them to the bin maker. As bins were produced, the maker captured the barcode and RFID tag information for each one, enabling Southeast Container to associate the two for guarantee trailing and seller enfranchisement. â€Å"The pilot was really smooth, and the system has proved to be dependable. Once this was to the full rolled out, the ROI improved in less than two old ages, † Underwood said.The benefits included:†¢ Salvaging 1000s of dollars a twelvemonth in transit costs †¢ Reducing container loss and guaranting traceability †¢ Achieving ROI within two old ages of full execution †¢ Supplying accurate informations on bin life-times for guarantee contracts †¢ Establishing a successful use-case with RFID engineering to leverage with a broad scope of future warehouse and stock list control attempts Looking in front, they are even be aftering to see a similar RFID system for real-time trailing of outward cargos.SAIPEM ( ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION ) [ 20 ]Problems faced:Saipem is an Italian technology and building company for subsea oil and gas production. It began seeking a solution to cut down labour hours spent seeking for losing points, every bit good as to diminish the incidence of holds caused by equipment non geting at the right location at the proper clip, or traveling losing wholly. The other challenge Saipem wanted to turn to was safety. The company wanted to happen a system that would extinguish the demand for field operators to mount onto equipment in order to visually turn up a consecutive figure on an point, which they would so hold to manually enter.How RFID helped:The house chose an RFID solution that would enable its direction to cognize the location of equipment on offshore sites throughout the universe, every bit good as allow employees to safely place equipm ent. The solution, installed by Milan systems planimeter ACM-e, includes inactive ultrahigh-frequency ( UHF ) ticket provided by Omni-ID, which can be read from a distance of 8 metres ( 26 pess ) or more. The ticket needed to be tough, so that they could non merely be read in the presence of steel and H2O, but besides withstand temperatures runing from -60 grades to +50 grades Celsius. Therefore, the tickets were enclosed in an impact- and crush-resistant proprietary stuff specifically chosen for this application. Saipem fastened Omni-ID Max tags to its ain assets, foremost labeling its steel points, so puting tickets on musca volitanss and buoys. When a piece of equipment was found without a ticket, operators could plan a new one, inputting informations sing the point to be linked to the ticket ‘s alone ID number—such as its consecutive figure, description and manufacturer—and so bolting or welding it to the plus. The information related to that point is stored in Saipem ‘s ain proprietary logistics support package, known as NAMASTE. Saipem ‘s staff used a Motorola handheld computing machine with a constitutional RFID inquisitor around the work site, to turn up losing points and to find which points the company had on site. Using the handhelds, workers were able to identity points without mounting onto hemorrhoids of equipment, or the vehicles onto which they are loaded. When a piece of equipment was needed, it was foremost requested from its storage location ( based on stock list informations maintained in the NAMASTE package ) , where its ticket is scanned with a hand-held reader to make a record of its cargo. When that point reached the shore of the boring site, the plus was once more scanned to bring forth a record of which points have been sent to the offshore site. Once an plus was returned to storage, that same procedure is carried out, with the tickets being scanned as they reach shore, and one time more when they are placed in one of Saipem ‘s storage installations. The Motorola handheld computing machine could hive away the read informations, which was so uploaded to a Personal computer at the terminal of a twenty-four hours via a USB connexion.Saipem ‘s employees could log into the NAMASTE system to see what had been shipped out of storage or to the offshore site, and when. The system could besides alarm users if a requested po int had non been shipped, or if a piece of equipment destined for one location was received at a different one.The tickets were besides scanned when assets were certified by an inspector as safe for usage, and recertified one time they leave the drill site and are once more inspected. In this manner, the company ‘s direction knows when each piece of equipment was last certified, and can supply that record for insurance intents, if necessary. The RFID system went unrecorded in November 2009, with the purpose of tracking 20,000 points, including offshore vass ( used to entree oil boring site ) , every bit good as Cranes, boring rigs, steel pipe, slings, bonds and buoys. Approximately 1,000 points have been tagged. Saipem expects the RFID system to cut down the pattern of geting extra stock list due to points stoping up losing. The company besides expects the system will diminish the sum of waste it generates. Without an RFID-based trailing system, assets frequently had to be scrapped, because it was impossible to follow how old they were, or when they had been inspected and certified. The RFID solution, utilizing Omni-ID tickets, improved safety and security, and helped the employees better perform their occupations in a unsafe environment. That was the biggest benefit gained by Saipem. [ 1 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/1339/1/129/ [ 2 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification [ 3 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rattei.org/CSCI3921W/history.html [ 4 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //members.surfbest.net/eaglesnest/rfidhist.htm [ 5 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID [ 6 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aimglobal.org/technologies/rfid/what_is_rfid.asp [ 7 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.activewaveinc.com/technology_rfid_advantage.php [ 8 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usingrfid.com/news/read.asp? lc=s44325nx1433zg [ 9 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.databrokers.net/body_why_rfid.html [ 10 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp? ArtNum=20 [ 11 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idautomation.com/rfid_faq.html # RFID_Advantages [ 12 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-rfid-technology.html [ 13 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.alientechnology.com/docs/SB_RFID_Retail.pdf [ 14 ] www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1385 [ 15 ] MIKOH Corp. ( 2007 ) , â€Å"RFID Case Profiles† [ 16 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aimglobal.org/members/news/articlefiles/3497-Freightliner_cs.pdf [ 17 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/7272/2 [ 18 ] Ref: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/5316/2 [ 19 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aimglobal.org/members/news/articlefiles/3500-Southeastern-Container-cs.pdf [ 20 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/7432/3